tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31915961837616594492024-02-14T12:17:49.989-05:00Origin Hunters - Genetic GenealogistAt Origin Hunters we are passionate about DNA and helping adoptees. The answers start with your <i>DNA</i>.Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.comBlogger119125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-77446781525554454002022-12-31T16:30:00.007-05:002023-01-01T13:22:05.754-05:00Test Stuff<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-846260827055543652020-02-15T15:33:00.001-05:002023-03-11T09:40:27.106-05:00Relaunching Origin Hunters<br />
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For the past four years I haven't been very active writing or attending genealogical conferences. My focus has been quietly helping adoptees find their biological parents. I've also been able to solve some non-paternal events in my own family.<br />
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I am now relaunching my OriginHunters blog and <a href="http://www.originhunters.com/" target="_blank">website</a> with a new focus on adoptees, non-paternal events and brick walls that can all be solved with DNA.<br />
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I know that finding a biological parent, grandparent or even great-grandparent using DNA can take as little as a few days of research or multiple years. Sometimes it’s just a case of waiting for the right person to test.<br />
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With this in mind, I have set rates accordingly – when we solve your case, you pay just $250. If we don’t solve your case, then there is <u>no cost</u> at all.<br />
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-32810236003250605862015-01-28T16:46:00.000-05:002015-01-28T16:46:08.876-05:00Ghosts of DNA Past: Irish Kings<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2006, Laoise T.
Moore and the folks at Trinity College in Dublin published a paper famous for
identifying the modal haplotype of Irish High King Niall of the Nine Hostages. In their work, they used seventeen Y-DNA STR
markers. While time to most recent
common ancestor (TMRCA) calculations have accuracy issues, having only 17
markers gives a common ancestor over 2,000 years ago. What the Trinity folks really accomplished was
the identification of Niall’s paternal ancestor from over 400 years
earlier. The media in 2006 had a field
day in their interpretation that most of Ireland is descended from Niall. “Niall may be the most prolific male in Irish
history.” Also at 17 markers, there is a
very high probability of convergence.
Through normal mutations, haplotypes can change over time to appear
similar or identical to other haplotypes.
The lower the number of markers, the higher the chance of
convergence. At that time only high
level SNPs were tested to determine haplogroup.
Without terminal SNPs it would have been impossible to recognize
convergence, if it existed in the samples.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In my research on
the Kings of Ireland, I have used 67 markers to reduce the chance of convergence
and to calculate the age of common ancestors on the descendant side of the
target rather than the ancestor side. I
will demonstrate traditional median-joining networks and novel “tribal” markers
for the identification of four historic Kings of Ireland. Did Trinity get Niall’s haplotype correct
with the limited data they had at the time?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Ghost</i>: a manifestation of a dead person<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Modal haplotype</i>: a derived haplotype based on the DNA tests of
a group of people<o:p></o:p></div>
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A modal haplotype
is a ghost of a person. When we look at
multiple DNA test results and calculate the mode, by definition we are just
taking the values that appear most often.
There is no way to determine if the modal haplotype is the actual
haplotype of the historic individual we are researching (short of historic
samples). While the modal is not
perfect, it will be close enough at 67 markers for us to determine the genetic
“ghost”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The septs of
Ireland provide us an opportunity to develop genetic genealogy techniques and
processes. Irish surnames are typically
patronymic. The surnames generally take
the form of <i>Mac</i> Cárthaigh (McCarthy),
meaning son of Cárthaigh or <i>Ui </i>Néill
(O’Neill), meaning grandson / descendant of Néill. Irish septs serve as a collective of related
families with shared ancestry and patronymic surnames. Multiple septs then belong to larger
dynasties such as the Eóganachta and the Dál gCais.<o:p></o:p></div>
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If septs are
patrilineal, then Y-DNA haplotypes should be consistent across sept
surnames. Research on the Uí Néill haplotype
started with a geographical selection and then a subsequent reduction by sept
surnames (Moore et al 2006). For each
target sept, affiliated surnames were identified. In the case of Uí Néill, the following
surnames and associated Y-DNA STR records were accessed from Family Tree DNA
projects: O’Neill, Gallagher, Doherty and O’Donnell. The selection includes 600 records and 5
common European haplogroups.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Median-joining
networks have been in use for over a decade for the visualization of genetic
relationships. The use of them at 67 STR
markers has been rare, but it should be the norm. This first image has the central cluster of a
median joining network based on 25 STR markers from the Uí Néill group. It is just a single cluster with no
differentiation. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxClomycrq08rSKXHkUYRJw3TwB3eXnUIiQqWABig_nOWdGfbLLTjRdveSg5u1OS_R0FTRbQE-46O15HbMk657sAKwmx4PWdNboD_cQpQwenCxaR94ug2Yc9-NkiExesgPCYUrCxlzQw/s1600/ONeill25+fig+19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxClomycrq08rSKXHkUYRJw3TwB3eXnUIiQqWABig_nOWdGfbLLTjRdveSg5u1OS_R0FTRbQE-46O15HbMk657sAKwmx4PWdNboD_cQpQwenCxaR94ug2Yc9-NkiExesgPCYUrCxlzQw/s1600/ONeill25+fig+19.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
- Using only 25 STR markers, the Uí Néill network collapses to a single
cluster.<o:p></o:p></div>
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When we look at the same group using 67 markers, we get four
distinct clusters, each with their own SNP.
The cluster at the far right is predominantly R-L159 and the cluster at
the lower right has R-P311/R-L151 nodes.
The cluster at the left contains all of the Uí Néill dynastic surnames,
has the majority of nodes and is SNP R-M222, which is consistent with earlier
studies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQAc-DcFq-x5SBLNHQWoq45MizAg0VmKRu3o6SQPcqereirgj24H8AlMZO4A1oqro8rHgoF1oQS-7G2gNQXbqbmgLng4HzO2upTjb989ijqba1muGVJMjNwcMDjc3TpVQiEEP7ty2Jrx8/s1600/ONeill+fig2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQAc-DcFq-x5SBLNHQWoq45MizAg0VmKRu3o6SQPcqereirgj24H8AlMZO4A1oqro8rHgoF1oQS-7G2gNQXbqbmgLng4HzO2upTjb989ijqba1muGVJMjNwcMDjc3TpVQiEEP7ty2Jrx8/s1600/ONeill+fig2.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
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- View of the Uí Néill network torso showing four distinct clusters. Three groups on the right are O’Neill only.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As a double check to make sure that I wasn’t seeing some
other phenomena, I analyzed three random Irish surnames; Duffy, Kelly and
McCormick. The random sample produced
over ten unique clusters with no surname overlap. This comparison shows that septs are
patrilineal and that Y-DNA haplotypes are consistent across sept surnames. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuSKJdGQSvk_QY-JmdDbPcdWx8HJs_AsLRw2E1P2VvlLXbWzKYuXx8_gK8KLIgoOhwDFBMChkT6inLNXLKRzyXjSnzzwdkudYJG_iwTuKiEgfx3Rbg7Hs_EjuzKNhHRtRbdeOdlIPIi8/s1600/Random+network.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuSKJdGQSvk_QY-JmdDbPcdWx8HJs_AsLRw2E1P2VvlLXbWzKYuXx8_gK8KLIgoOhwDFBMChkT6inLNXLKRzyXjSnzzwdkudYJG_iwTuKiEgfx3Rbg7Hs_EjuzKNhHRtRbdeOdlIPIi8/s1600/Random+network.jpg" height="232" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3 - Median-joining network of yDNA sampled from three random Irish surnames; Duffy, Kelly and McCormick. <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
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Re-evaluating the Uí Néill data also shows that Trinity was
correct in their identification of a 17-marker Uí Néill haplotype. New data and new techniques allow us to
produce a 67-marker haplotype.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_L_I5wNmSRITrVfSoh_scrY0U6iQwp9tTuQRipH39Dj7EK3H4wyiW08xujkFIHLrRDQc4p1K1hG_PTnMzoFQ4BEfVmg4_Xv3d_Lv51yB3J6OmH6q6vI7-ov8-JDSzRu4oAHUx4i3ifA/s1600/ONeill+Modal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_L_I5wNmSRITrVfSoh_scrY0U6iQwp9tTuQRipH39Dj7EK3H4wyiW08xujkFIHLrRDQc4p1K1hG_PTnMzoFQ4BEfVmg4_Xv3d_Lv51yB3J6OmH6q6vI7-ov8-JDSzRu4oAHUx4i3ifA/s1600/ONeill+Modal.jpg" height="40" width="400" /></a></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> - Sixty-seven STR Uí Néill Modal Haplotype
(Niall of the Nine Hostages).<o:p></o:p></div>
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A
different technique that I’d like to illustrate involves the fact that not all
STR markers are created equal. This method
takes advantage of “slow” mutating STR markers.
Each marker has its own mutation rate.
By selecting the 15 “slowest” markers with an average mutation rate of
0.00024, a virtual tribal haplotype is created that would be stable within the
last 2,000 years (90% probability of 80 generations). This is an order of magnitude lower than the
average rate of 0.0029 used as a constant in typical TMRCA calculations. The “tribal” markers isolated are <i>DYS426, DYS388, DYS392, DYS455, DYS454,
DYS578, DYS590, DYS641, DYS472, DYS594, DYS436, DYS490, DYS450 and DYS640</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To manipulate the “tribal” haplotype of 15
microsatellites faster the resulting values are concatenated into a string –
ex. 12121411119168108101212811. The
“tribal” haplotypes are summarized per surname and plotted to illustrate
majority and affinity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV9kif1pQORiaI7Pqonh2uefZJ1z71pj-Kq7I_G3Vch4GSVdMiERMucdFgOZDKSyfPN9zEpuo0yQgDUMPtlVz8uUvWlpWGltWg_ez2xodJEBUjBsX6VUrs-1zKrBOIgO92bVEUpsT2MZs/s1600/O'Neill%2BTribal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV9kif1pQORiaI7Pqonh2uefZJ1z71pj-Kq7I_G3Vch4GSVdMiERMucdFgOZDKSyfPN9zEpuo0yQgDUMPtlVz8uUvWlpWGltWg_ez2xodJEBUjBsX6VUrs-1zKrBOIgO92bVEUpsT2MZs/s1600/O'Neill%2BTribal.jpg" height="245" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> - Uí Néill dynastic haplotypes converted into 15
marker “tribal” haplotypes and summarized.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Uí Néill dataset resolved into 37 unique
“tribal” haplotypes. Figure 5 shows that
haplotype 12121411119168108101212811 is the most dominant across the Uí Néill
surnames. As with the median-joining
network analysis, this “tribal” haplotype is consistent with SNP R-M222. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
I repeated these two techniques for the Uí
Briúin sept using the following surnames and associated Y-DNA records: O’Brien,
Hogan, Kennedy and McMahon. The
selection includes 615 records. The Mac
Cárthaigh dataset has the following surnames: McCarthy, Callaghan, Donovan and
Sullivan. The selection includes 319
records. The Ua Conchobhair data has the
following surnames: O’Connor, McManus, Reilly and Rourke. The selection includes 352 records.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For
more details, see my paper at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/10364576/Identifying_Y-Chromosome_Dynastic_Haplotypes_The_High_Kings_of_Ireland_Revisited">Academia.edu</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->6<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> - Sixty-seven STR Uí Briúin Modal Haplotype
(Brian Boru).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBwdPGmGc9VU1uauPtwFRopUALhmbQhArHM7WIs93e33ZrRZFrOh5mARrk9_Fz9Ohca1gTAz1VTMyDUe9tyzsggByEzV8JkJ1Y27zmVOBkmikrYYekWuJToHo9WrMPJ5TltxxVRZ5f2so/s1600/McCarthy+Modal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBwdPGmGc9VU1uauPtwFRopUALhmbQhArHM7WIs93e33ZrRZFrOh5mARrk9_Fz9Ohca1gTAz1VTMyDUe9tyzsggByEzV8JkJ1Y27zmVOBkmikrYYekWuJToHo9WrMPJ5TltxxVRZ5f2so/s1600/McCarthy+Modal.jpg" height="41" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: justify;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->7<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> - Sixty-seven STR Mac Cárthaigh Modal Haplotype
(McCarthy Eoganachta Kings).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiDtSyBzKWU_gX8ymPvrNcxP2OjOWmBNbLxQ76UKt59Ck70QJMdVn0kxgtjuhWy0wvWok68WwktYNbgBqAzTtIhOXT_eJ6m7xnAmLuyk0_wsNDtodgtD-FAZlfzOwisvdlp2UwY9iFB4/s1600/OConnor+Modal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiDtSyBzKWU_gX8ymPvrNcxP2OjOWmBNbLxQ76UKt59Ck70QJMdVn0kxgtjuhWy0wvWok68WwktYNbgBqAzTtIhOXT_eJ6m7xnAmLuyk0_wsNDtodgtD-FAZlfzOwisvdlp2UwY9iFB4/s1600/OConnor+Modal.jpg" height="41" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: justify;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->8<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> - Sixty-seven STR Ua Conchobhair Modal Haplotype
(Last High King Roderick O'Connor).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Here are a couple
of interesting insights from my research.
Niall Noígíallach was High King of Ireland around 378 CE and founder of
the Uí Néill dynasty. Historically, his
half-brother Brión, was one of the founders on the Connachta dynasty and an
ancestor of the last High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair. If their genealogies are correct, the
evidence is in their descendant’s DNA.
The data shows that Uí Néill and Ua Conchobair share the same SNP,
R-M222. The Uí Néill and Ua Conchobair
modals are a 6-step match at 67 markers.
There is a 99% probability of a relationship not further than 1,260
years ago. The results make a strong
case for the validity of this historic genealogy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Brian Boru, High
King of Ireland in 1002 CE, belonged to the Dál gCais dynasty and Tadhg Mac
Cárthaigh, the first King of Desmond, belonged to the Eóganachta dynasty. Ancient genealogies have the Eóganachta and
Dál gCais dynasties descended from Ailill Aulom, the son-in-law of legendary
king Conn of the Hundred Battles. The
Mac Cárthaighs and Uí Briúins do not share the same SNP (R-L226 vs. R-CTS4466),
but by descent they would share a common R-DF13 ancestor. The Mac Cárthaigh and Uí Briúin modals are an
11-step match at 67 markers. There is a
99% probability of a relationship not further than 1,920 years ago. This puts a Mac Cárthaigh-Uí Briúin common
ancestor as a contemporary of the legendary Conn.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
New and improved genetic
genealogy techniques are invaluable for the identification of historic
individuals and the reconstruction of distant family trees at the macro level.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reference:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maglio, MR (2015) Identifying Y-Chromosome Dynastic
Haplotypes: The High Kings of Ireland Revisited (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/10364576/Identifying_Y-Chromosome_Dynastic_Haplotypes_The_High_Kings_of_Ireland_Revisited">Link</a>)<o:p></o:p></div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-85252880117251277612014-12-08T08:04:00.000-05:002014-12-08T08:07:26.955-05:00Atrocities and Assimilation: Crusader DNA in the Near East<div class="MsoNormal">
This paper got its
start back in February of this year while I was researching R1b-DF100 for my
posting, <i><a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-third-brother-y-dna-tale.html">The Third Brother</a></i>. Among the data, primarily Western European
haplotypes, was a single Armenian record.
The R1b-L11>DF100 group that I was working with had as one of their
theories that L11 was a fairly recent, 3,000 to 4,000 years, arrival from the
Near East and that the Armenian record was part of that evidence. I looked at the Armenian record, ran a
phylogenetic test on it, the L11 group and some similar Near East records. The Armenian record fell squarely within a
Baltic cluster on the tree with a rough TMRCA of about 1,200 years. This Armenian was clearly more European than
Armenian, at least on the paternal line.
My comment back to the L11 group was that their Armenian was probably
the descendant of a Crusader based on the timing and directionality.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In September, I ran
across Pierre Zalloua’s paper - <i><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427286/">Y-ChromosomalDiversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events</a></i> (2008). He and the other authors had put together a
good correlation between Crusader DNA and haplogroup R1b in Lebanon. The paper also correlated haplogroup J and
the Muslim expansion. The paper received
quite a bit of feedback about haplogroup J and little or no mention about
haplogroup R1b. Considering the extent
of the Crusader’s presence in the Near East from 1096 to 1343, if they left DNA
behind it would have been spread farther than Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The real question
is not – if they left DNA behind. There
is significant literature that details the atrocities; raping and pillaging was
standard operating procedure for the Crusaders.
There are also numerous accounts of assimilation. During the Crusader’s 247-year occupation and
roughly eight generations, they married local women and raised families. The real question is did Crusader DNA survive
to modern time. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOlFSzjbOcZmlhVIN6G2tJ-1NYiTDgWLRG1bUBX_ODT1CYbX6KJoihdSOa6sNMlp4MUkfGL8ZBXcORTlx_WDZ6fJlQuP8ntYmFDfvxEMhTLV91IrjAatl8nGK3NZnWUvIhbnvYfexlg0/s1600/DNA+spread.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOlFSzjbOcZmlhVIN6G2tJ-1NYiTDgWLRG1bUBX_ODT1CYbX6KJoihdSOa6sNMlp4MUkfGL8ZBXcORTlx_WDZ6fJlQuP8ntYmFDfvxEMhTLV91IrjAatl8nGK3NZnWUvIhbnvYfexlg0/s1600/DNA+spread.jpg" height="222" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crusader DNA Distribution</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
If Crusader DNA survived,
it would be spread from Istanbul to Jerusalem and beyond. The graphic above shows the potential for DNA
distribution during the Crusader occupation (red) and the distribution over the
past 918 years (gray). My research
focused on the following Near East countries - Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here is something I
found bizarre. Zalloua and team
published their paper in 2008. Every
researcher looking at Near East R1b should be taking a lesson and validating
that their data is not of Crusader origin.
Obviously, Crusader DNA wasn’t restricted to Lebanon. In 2010, Balaresque, et al and again in 2011,
Myres, et al, published papers using Near East R1b data (Turkish). Forty-two percent of the Turkish R1b haplotypes
from Balaresque and Myres was identical to Zalloua’s Lebanese R1b data. This didn’t seem to raise any flags as
Balaresque and Myres used the Turkish data to suggest a Near East origin and
Neolithic expansion for R1b. These folks
must not talk to each other. Two of
Zalloua’s team members went on to work with Balaresque and Myres on their
papers. The first thing I would have
said was – “Considering what Zalloua found, we need to validate the origins of
the Turkish data further back than one or two generations”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When presenting an
analysis it is always good to show comparison data. I collected R1b data and haplogroup G and J
data from multiple Family Tree DNA projects.
I have a higher comfort factor that G and J are associated with the
Neolithic expansion, so they were used as a basis for comparison. For each 37-marker Near East record obtained,
I used the haplotype to query a larger set of related records from ySearch (I
call this haplotype aggregation). A Near
East set and a Western European set of data was developed for each haplogroup. I then compared each individual Near East
haplotype against the entire Near East set and the entire Western Europe
set. You would expect that the Near East
haplotypes would be more closely related to their peers in the Near East set.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The haplogroup J
data tells the best story. The results
cluster down J1-M267 and J2-M172 lines.
The neutral line (diagonal triangles) represents zero affinity towards
the Near East or Western Europe. Points
falling to the right of neutral show an affinity toward the Near East and to
the left of neutral, an affinity towards Western Europe.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwIlOxMBwxRkmJa_uT9p1hLOHorBC5n2zCLiv1fmAc3e03rHivaBHHIoavOs2w8Pp3H2Zpo0NfSBPSrUQDdpRUbKC-qidYTb63xvOPbozwyYY6uGjB53RUgzDCOISeqDMb1dm2pGVkyLw/s1600/Haplogroup+J+variance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwIlOxMBwxRkmJa_uT9p1hLOHorBC5n2zCLiv1fmAc3e03rHivaBHHIoavOs2w8Pp3H2Zpo0NfSBPSrUQDdpRUbKC-qidYTb63xvOPbozwyYY6uGjB53RUgzDCOISeqDMb1dm2pGVkyLw/s1600/Haplogroup+J+variance.jpg" height="243" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
J1 haplotypes (diamonds), which are rare in Europe, are
closely related to their peers in the Near East. The J1 data only shows an affinity toward the
Near East. The trend line for J1
indicates a fairly stationary population pattern with no suggestion of
migration to Western Europe. A trend
line that doesn’t cross the neutral represents a strong peer affinity and
little or no migration between the Near East and Western Europe. J2 data (squares) shows a tipping point at
which the more distantly related records lean toward the Near East and the
closely related records lean toward Western Europe. That transition shows a TMRCA of about 3,900
± 800 years. The tipping point indicates
a point in time where the Near East J2 haplotypes became more common in Western
Europe, illustrating a migration. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXpVLgfMrHHl2hWiZCB1Ee-G31FI3PZjJo25ouvlCFq7pGOH-R8E9Gjdtx1LJypvLEibASgTtHftaRzsxbgRIbGLIBvWLlfL3-YRFOYifuvuJAFz5v1Tm3OKuq5zLg6i5bDUM8xLyuhXY/s1600/Haplogroup+G+variance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXpVLgfMrHHl2hWiZCB1Ee-G31FI3PZjJo25ouvlCFq7pGOH-R8E9Gjdtx1LJypvLEibASgTtHftaRzsxbgRIbGLIBvWLlfL3-YRFOYifuvuJAFz5v1Tm3OKuq5zLg6i5bDUM8xLyuhXY/s1600/Haplogroup+G+variance.jpg" height="263" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Haplogroup G shows
very similar results as J2. Haplogroups J2 and G have been associated with the
Neolithic spread of agriculture from the Near East to Western Europe. Both J2 and G present a consistent
distribution from distant relationship (high variance) to closer relationship
(low variance). The trend lines for J2
and G represent migration events from the Near East to Western Europe. The trend line for J1 represents no migration
event. These results are consistent with
other published information.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Haplogroup R1b does
not exhibit either a migration or a non-migration pattern. The haplotypes cluster in a fairly homogenous
group. There is a slight lean toward
Western Europe and essentially no continuum from high variance to low variance. The more distantly related haplotypes don’t
exist in the Near East. The Near East
individuals are just as related to the Western European individuals as they are
to their own peers. The approximate
TMRCA for the R1b Near East – Western European group is 1,800 ± 500 years.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ykg3e1cfCZiQJ6JcyQCB6qnPtbPk3yk_YCNrL8pDTlQcnyoBTibWi4OxjXiTJRekuATlzsM6TyBA2_O4CXnsJKDP4tWy10Uh9estYnAaI-JyrRfAWcEJK0QUoT2qC0W877RnGgLgwcM/s1600/Haplogroup+R1b+variance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ykg3e1cfCZiQJ6JcyQCB6qnPtbPk3yk_YCNrL8pDTlQcnyoBTibWi4OxjXiTJRekuATlzsM6TyBA2_O4CXnsJKDP4tWy10Uh9estYnAaI-JyrRfAWcEJK0QUoT2qC0W877RnGgLgwcM/s1600/Haplogroup+R1b+variance.jpg" height="279" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Through atrocities
and assimilation, Western European DNA from Crusaders was permanently
introduced into the Near East less than 1,000 years ago. Western European and Near East R1b haplotypes
are highly and recently related. The
data indicates that within the last 2,000 years there was a migration from one
geography to the other. There is no
documented migration in the past 2,000 years that would account for Western
European R1b populations coming from the Near East and replacing indigenous
European populations. The introduction
of Western European DNA into the Near East by Crusaders accounts for the west
to east genetic flow.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sampling
practices of research studies are questionable.
The origin of participants is typically only validated for one or two
previous generations. This is equivalent
to not knowing the origin for study participants. Sampling needs to be undertaken with a genetic
genealogy approach and 37 markers or greater.
The population genetics approach of less than 17 markers, poor origin
validation and haplogroup generalization needs to change.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Previous papers
(Balaresque & Myres) that have used Near East R1b data as the basis of
their research are suspect. In light of
the introduction of Crusader DNA into the Near East within the past 1,000
years, any theory on a Neolithic origin for haplogroup R1b will have to be
re-evaluated.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reference:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maglio, MR (2014) Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup R1b Diversity in
Near East is Structured by Recent Historical Events (<a href="http://originsdna.com/content/MRM-R1bRecent.pdf">Link</a>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
© Michael R. Maglio<o:p></o:p></div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-27614795926742451642014-12-05T07:04:00.000-05:002014-12-06T13:57:51.082-05:00DNA Convergence and Chicken Little<div class="MsoNormal">
For me, the topic of convergence in yDNA first came up early
in 2014. I had just posted a paper and
one of the comments was – “What about convergence?” I said to myself, “What convergence?” I admit I had to look up the topic.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Convergence</i>: A
term used in genetic genealogy to describe the process whereby two different
haplotypes mutate over time to become identical or near identical resulting in
an accidental or coincidental match. - Turner A & Smolenyak M 2004.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My response back to the comment was - “All of the haplotypes
in my paper are unique.” My data did not
exhibit convergence. <o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLh7cHru5YpRBhrEbuGG0I3zS-ir3aHB6Riz13C2VEqhDwrHSQ2EoYIq-iLIx_CvbuXFTnoZEUoR1aezQ7yn6_4wpyJrhJjgpDcvmkTEeqh96KNEd76vjf7taZJOrnJVj88SJqyK0LKrM/s1600/Convergence+casts+a+shadow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLh7cHru5YpRBhrEbuGG0I3zS-ir3aHB6Riz13C2VEqhDwrHSQ2EoYIq-iLIx_CvbuXFTnoZEUoR1aezQ7yn6_4wpyJrhJjgpDcvmkTEeqh96KNEd76vjf7taZJOrnJVj88SJqyK0LKrM/s1600/Convergence+casts+a+shadow.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Convergence casts a shadow on genetic genealogy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I started to poke around on the topic of convergence within
yDNA STR haplotypes and the immediate impression that I got was that folks were
ready to give up on STRs in favor of SNPs and the sky was falling. Chicken Little was running around in the
genetic genealogy circles. Here is a
small sample:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<i>Y-STRs are
effectively dead</i>” - Dienekes Pontikos, 2011<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<i>Convergence of Y
chromosome STR haplotypes from different SNP haplogroups compromises accuracy
of haplogroup prediction</i>” – Wang, et al, 2013<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Okay, convergence happens, but it’s an illusion.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s take a big step backwards in this story. Did you know that most scientific papers
relating to genetic genealogy use 17 STR markers or less? Some use as few as 9 or 10. For any of you who ever took one of the
original 12 STR marker tests, you know that the results were essentially
useless for anything except deep haplogroup association and history.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many researchers in the last couple of years are using the AmpFLSTR®
Yfiler® to get their 17 marker results.
This equipment is approved for forensic cases. Research papers are not forensic cases and
researchers don’t need to limit themselves to 17 markers. Thirty-seven marker yDNA tests have been
available since 2004.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why does the number of STR markers matter? I’m going to release my inner math geek to
help explain. If we look at marker DYS19,
usually listed first in science papers and third in Family Tree DNA results, it
can have a value within the range of 7 to 22 across all haplogroups. Looking at R1b specifically, DYS19 ranges
from 10 to 17 and statistically at two standard deviations (2 sigma) the range
of values narrows to 13, 14 and 15. From
a probability point of view, there is a 1 in 3 chance that DYS19 will be 13, 14
or 15. Making the odds even better in
our favor, 95% of the time DYS19 for R1b will already be 13, 14 or 15. This means there is a 1 in 2 chance that
DYS19 could change to another value on its way to converging with another
haplotype.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taking standard deviation into account to determine the
possible number of values for the STR markers and then multiplying each
probability gives the odds that a haplotype could converge.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.56%;" valign="bottom" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">STR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS393<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS390<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.56%;" valign="bottom" width="6%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS391<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS385a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.3%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS385b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS426<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS388<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS439<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.8%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS389i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS392<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.18%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS389ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.56%;" valign="bottom" width="5%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"># of possible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">marker values<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.56%;" valign="bottom" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.3%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.8%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.42%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.18%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">4096<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a 1 in 4096 chance that two R1b 12 marker
haplotypes could converge. This is not
the probability that one marker will change. This is the probability that all 12 markers
will change enough to match another haplotype.
These are very good odds and the reason why a 12-marker test is
practically useless. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With a high probability that 12 STR markers will converge, haplotypes
start to blend together. Two different
haplogroups or family lines will appear to be the same. Converging also means that when we calculate
the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA), it will look like less
time has passed. Convergence makes a 12-marker
test result unusable for genealogical matching, haplogroup prediction and TMRCA
calculations. The Chicken Littles are
correct, we have a problem with 12 marker STR results.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What about 17 markers, a quasi-industry standard for science
papers? Taking the same approach with statistics
and probability, a 17-marker yDNA R1b result has a 1 in 2 million chance of
converging with another haplotype. Each
haplogroup has slightly different odds.
There is a 1 in 500,000 chance of an R1a 17 marker haplotype converging. Those odds are better than any lottery. Convergence is still a problem at 17 markers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Dienekes Pontikos proclaimed the death of yDNA STRs, he
was commenting on the attempt to get good TMRCA dates from 10-marker
results. I agree, you can’t get valid
TMRCA dates from 10-markers. When Wang,
et al, determined that convergence compromises haplogroup prediction, they were
correct, 17 marker haplotypes can converge to make one haplogroup look like
another.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a quick analysis of 4,300 unique 37-marker R1b haplotypes,
the average genetic distance is 17 steps for 37 markers. That means there are 17 mutations required
for convergence in a 37-marker haplotype.
Nearly half of the markers in the haplotypes would need to change. When we look at the probability of 25-marker
haplotype convergence, the chances are 1 in 84 million. Considering there are about 3.6 billion men
on the planet, one in 84 million is still in the realm of possibility. By the time we get to 37-markers, the odds
are 1 in 49 trillion.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a 1 in 49 <i>trillion</i>
chance that all the necessary mutations will occur in order for two 37-marker
haplotypes to converge. The odds are likely
much higher. I’ve only looked at the probable
values for each marker and I haven’t taken into account the STR mutation rates,
the possibility that a marker will change over time. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is essentially no such thing as convergence when 37 or
more markers are tested and researched.
If you eliminate the possibility of convergence by using 37 STR markers,
then immediately TMRCA calculation become more accurate and haplotypes from
different haplogroups no longer resemble each other. The reports of the death of yDNA STR results have
been greatly exaggerated.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I can’t tell you why researchers are currently stuck on 17
markers. I can tell you that any research
using less than 37 markers runs the risk of convergence in their data, which in
turn could lead to the wrong conclusions.
I still consider genetic genealogy to be in its infancy. Every month new research papers are published
and the new concepts introduced are latched onto immediately. It is understandable that papers from over a
decade ago used a dozen STRs and a handful of SNPs, that was the height of
technology. If the latest technology and
best data are not being used in today’s research papers, is that equivalent to
scientific negligence? Or, am I missing
something and this is a case of scientific ignorance on my part?<o:p></o:p></div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-10789839684313230712014-12-02T17:09:00.000-05:002014-12-02T17:32:25.796-05:00DNA, SNP, STR, OMG!<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"></span>(Originally published May 2014 in <i>Going In-Depth</i>)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Oh my gosh, there are many acronyms in
genetic genealogy. You have to agree
that using the acronym DNA is better than writing deoxyribonucleic acid
repeatedly. Although, when we talk about
using DNA for genealogy and we only use acronyms, they start to lose their meaning
and become just another ‘thing’. “Hey,
I’ve got a SNP. Do you have a SNP?” “I dunno, let me check.” Maybe I’m weird. I like to understand what all the acronyms
mean and how they play a part in the larger picture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> Let’s start with some DNA basics. We have DNA in every cell except the red blood cells. Inside the nucleus of our cells, we have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs (nuclear DNA). One set of 23 comes from dad and one set comes from mom. If we took the tightly coiled DNA from one cell and stretched it out it would be about six feet long. In that six-foot double helix from one cell, there are over 3 billion base pairs. If you picture our double helix DNA as a twisted ladder, each rung is a base pair made up from four nucleotides (DNA building blocks). The rungs are made from either an adenine-thymine rung or a cytosine-guanine rung.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkXuge4r3rY-vxKISuMdF7HIphTJizTXilj94T-rew7wEPdpfTA_PC26b2-lX101Hw-qqO1Ty6VdGrUM3dZ6PwtOKL0QnFtrv9dvCu5XeuE4n8utjP80W-lzZiv5qd4ekK9vA-39FP0S8/s1600/DNA_structure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkXuge4r3rY-vxKISuMdF7HIphTJizTXilj94T-rew7wEPdpfTA_PC26b2-lX101Hw-qqO1Ty6VdGrUM3dZ6PwtOKL0QnFtrv9dvCu5XeuE4n8utjP80W-lzZiv5qd4ekK9vA-39FP0S8/s1600/DNA_structure.jpg" height="313" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: auto;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> When we talk about DNA, we often also talk about mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria exist outside of the nucleus as an energy source for the cell and have their own independent DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has just over 16,000 base pairs in comparison to the 3 billion base pairs in our nuclear DNA. We inherit our mitochondrial DNA only from our mothers.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> DNA is divided into coding regions (genes that define proteins for such things as eye color) and non-coding regions (sometimes called junk DNA). The coding region that defines us is less than 2% of our overall DNA and within that, there are less than 25,000 genes. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides averaging about 23,000 base pairs. One of the largest genes, which encodes for the Caspr2 protein, has over 2.3 million base pairs.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ59AUmgyZwjANJcY2fdeRLWnCGt9rZwgg5L33qB5i5JWO3kXYI7-uy0h_KsLgl6pQjk0qIxw6NuJMq2_7_Rb64fSmJNBls_2lEWJM-jW3A9PhGXED2H4JtYqERYEKXaohBbJ6FF62REw/s1600/Gene.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ59AUmgyZwjANJcY2fdeRLWnCGt9rZwgg5L33qB5i5JWO3kXYI7-uy0h_KsLgl6pQjk0qIxw6NuJMq2_7_Rb64fSmJNBls_2lEWJM-jW3A9PhGXED2H4JtYqERYEKXaohBbJ6FF62REw/s1600/Gene.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> Within the 3 billion base pairs of our DNA there are variations (normally occurring mutations), where one base pair has been replaced with another base pair. As an example, it was adenine (A) and now its guanine (G). This is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP (pronounced snip). There are over 15 million SNPs in our DNA. Once a SNP occurs, it is usually permanent in the population. The farther back in time that the SNP occurred, the more people will have that particular mutation. To be considered a SNP, it has to exist in greater than 1% of the population. They are found in both the coding and non-coding regions of our DNA. In the coding regions, SNPs are often markers for genes.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> Let’s divide our DNA into four groups. Group one, the autosomes, are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. The next two groups, the sex chromosomes, are one X and one Y if you are male and two Xs if you are female. That gives us yDNA and xDNA. The last DNA group is mitochondrial. All types of DNA have SNPs. Autosomal SNPs are used for health and ethnicity. Mitochondrial and Y-DNA SNPs are used to determine world haplogroups. While there are 1,000s of X SNPs, there doesn’t seem to be much research around them.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> SNPs have no effect on health, but their presence may predict a health risk. If you had an autosomal test from 23andMe (prior to the FDA ruling), they would have delivered health information with your results. They were able to report SNPs in the coding region associated with gene combinations responsible for health risks, like cancer or Alzheimer’s or basic information, like eye and hair color. Even though you cannot get health information from 23andMe currently, you can still use your autosomal results with Promethease from SNPedia.com to research your health risks.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> Combinations of SNPs are analyzed to determine ancestry-informative markers (AIM – another new acronym for you). AIMs are used to estimate the ethnicity or at least the geographic origins of your ancestors. When you receive ethnicity results from an autosomal test, it will be based on the AIMs that the test company are using. They don’t all use the same markers, so results will vary. There are even 42 SNPs associated with having Neandertal ancestry.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> SNPs are used to organize us into larger branches of the human family tree (haplogroups). Our maternal family tree is organized into 26 branches (A through Z) using mitochondrial DNA. Our paternal tree is similarly organized into 20 branches (A through T) using yDNA SNPs. As an example, take four men (I use men because the scenario works for both mitochondrial DNA and yDNA), Abe, Bob, Chaz and Dave. Test each of them for three SNPs, X, Y and Z. You find that they all test positive for SNP Z, Abe and Chaz test positive for X and Bob and Dave test positive for Y. You can start to see the branches and the beginning of a tree.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOZs9mRLQ9qnl22tYjx-YU3XpPCBRpS66x9xnIoTJx40KTdm2fzhgp2XIOYK_YfgmIUybas-lxJfq4TOR8WoZWotVQIPP0-DgP4Qfw040Wgbg5t4GGGxGwCeOuULPAlnrSTvCJK8vnHkM/s1600/Simple_Tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOZs9mRLQ9qnl22tYjx-YU3XpPCBRpS66x9xnIoTJx40KTdm2fzhgp2XIOYK_YfgmIUybas-lxJfq4TOR8WoZWotVQIPP0-DgP4Qfw040Wgbg5t4GGGxGwCeOuULPAlnrSTvCJK8vnHkM/s1600/Simple_Tree.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> The first yDNA and mtDNA trees were built using only a few dozen SNPs. Today, the paternal and maternal haplogroup trees are much more detailed, based on thousands of SNPs. Complete SNP testing has been available for mitochondrial DNA for a number of years. Starting last year, complete SNP testing is available for yDNA from companies like FamilyTreeDNA with their Big Y test. Previously yDNA SNP tests were designed to look for specific SNPs. With advances in technology, they can now look for all the SNPs across over 12 million yDNA base pairs.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> Just to add another acronym to the pile, there are also STRs or short tandem repeats (aka microsatellites). STRs are short sequences of base pairs that repeat. These repeats are found in autosomal, y and x DNA. You may have heard the term CODIS if you watch Crime/Drama shows on television. CODIS is the FBI’s Combined DNA Index System (more acronyms). When DNA is collected for CODIS, they typically test for 13 STR markers across the autosomes. When you have a yDNA STR test done, genetic genealogy companies test for up to 111 markers only on the Y chromosome. They will also perform a basic SNP test to identify your paternal haplogroup. SNPs and STRs are different in that SNPs appear to be permanent changes in our DNA and STRs are variable. STRs are identified by location on the chromosome and by the number of times that the repeat occurs. The number of repeats per STR can change over time, sometimes increasing, sometimes decreasing in number or increasing then decreasing again (known as a back mutation). The combined set of STR markers is your haplotype and may be unique to your surname or span multiple surnames. With the advances in yDNA SNP testing, SNPs will be found that are unique to your surname, which could make STR testing obsolete.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"></span>
<span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> We all have DNA: 23 chromosomes in our cell nuclei, half from mom and half from dad. We also have mitochondrial DNA from our moms. Less than 2% of our DNA is in the form of genes, which define who we are. SNPs can be used to identify our “good” and “bad” genes. SNPs can also help identify our ethnicity and build our paternal and maternal family trees. STRs can organize us down to the paternal surname level. When folks start talking DNA, don’t be afraid to question them about, “What kind of DNA?”, “What does that SNP indicate?” or “What type of STR is being tested?”. We’ll never get away from using acronyms to simplify how we communicate genetic genealogy. That doesn’t mean we need to let the acronyms simplify the meanings to a point where the science is lost. Every little bit of knowledge adds to our understanding of ourselves.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">© Michael Maglio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-11113094170160559652014-09-24T08:28:00.002-04:002014-09-24T08:46:04.857-04:00DNA Mysteries: Iberian R1b-V88 in Africa When I first heard about R1b in Africa, my immediate assumption was that the predominantly Celtic haplogroup must have been a recent transplant. I ran some of the V88 haplotypes against the big databases (FTDNA & ySearch) expecting to see matches to European men within the African colonial timeframe. It wasn’t that easy. Common ancestor analysis put the R1b Africans (V88) thousands of years removed from the rest of their European R1b cousins. Where did they come from? How did they get there?<br />
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I started with the given that the R1b defining mutations (SNPs) occurred in the Iberian Peninsula. The jury is still out on this hypothesis. There have been scientific papers for and against Iberian origins of R1b. My own work (<a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/08/iberian-r1b-y-dna-first-movers-in-europe.html">Iberian Origins of R1b</a>) supports an origin prior to the Neolithic expansion. Could V88 have made a straight-line migration from Iberia to the Lake Chad region of Africa? Could V88 have crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, travelled across the Sahara, which 7,000 years ago was a savannah well populated with animals for hunting, and arrived at Lake Mega-Chad? That was my early premise. I was wrong.<br />
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The distribution of V88 is much larger than any of the scientific papers would indicate. While I agree with the work that’s been done correlating the spread of V88 with the spread of Chadic languages (Cruciani et al 2010), the Chadic population is only a subset. Nobody takes into consideration the V88 populations in Europe and the Middle East. If they do, it is a sideways glance to say were ignoring them because they don’t fit into what we are trying to prove. If you don’t look at the entire picture, your conclusions will be skewed.<br />
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I wanted the largest selection of V88 Y-DNA records with at least 37 markers tested. I started with Family Tree DNA projects that had the records SNP tested. Those haplotypes were run against the ySearch database to identify highly related records with no SNP testing. The initial gathering of records picked up individuals with SNP M73. These were removed. The key differentiator between V88 and M73 was DYS464a&b. V88 was typically 12,12 and M73 was 15,15. Thirty-seven or more STR markers are helpful in identifying additional related haplotypes and even more necessary in determining the relationship between records. Most studies only looks at SNPs or a small handful of STR markers. This is shortsighted. Imagine a reference population of 100 records all with the same SNP. Without enough STR markers you can’t tell whether you are looking at one haplotype with minor 1 or 2 step variations or 100 unique haplotypes. That’s the difference between a founder event starting with as few as one individual or a group with greater diversity and age.<br />
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My final set of 119 records has at least 37 STR markers, V88 SNP testing or is highly related via STR and has the geographic location of the most distant known ancestor. The records are processed through PHYLIP to generate a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree give a visual depiction of the relationships in the dataset and an approximate number of years back to common ancestors, represented as the nodes between the records. <br />
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All of this is very standard genetic genealogy. I add a twist (<a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/01/getting-more-from-your-genetic-testing.html">Biogeographical Multilateration</a>) by converting the years back to a common ancestor to a distance using Cavalli-Sforza’s migration rate of 1 to 1.2 km per year. This is enough for me to solve a series of cascading equations giving me the locations of the common ancestors. Looking back at the phylogenetic tree shows us how all the nodes and locations are connected, essentially the flow of migration.<br />
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The out of Iberia event took place about 7,700 ± 1,600 years ago. TMRCA calculations have been shown to be very inconsistent. Some folks use a constant mutation rate and some use rates per marker. I include a TMRCA to give a relative chronology. While the majority of R1b is known for its Western Atlantic migrations, V88 took a path along the Mediterranean coast and down the Adriatic. While none of the V88 records indicated Crete as an ancestral location, it appears multiple times as a common ancestor location. The data shows Crete as a stepping-stone in the Mediterranean as V88 migrated to the Nile River Valley. The back to Africa event(s) occurred roughly 5,500 ± 1,000 years ago.<br />
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The majority of the Chadic records (Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria) have relatively close genetic connections to individuals in the Middle East (mainly Saudi Arabia). The Chadic and Middle Eastern records tie back to common ancestors along the upper Nile. There is a significant lack of information to understand what impact R1b-V88 had on the Nile Valley cultures. Considering that there was only 1 out of 119 records with an exact Nile River location, I would venture a guess that V88 didn’t integrate well.<br />
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While the V88 back to Africa migration has captured much attention, the data shows a more fascinating event. There was a V88 re-migration back to Europe from Africa. The back to Europe event took place about 3,200 ± 1,000 years ago. Again, Crete played a role as a stepping-stone as V88 entered the Eastern Adriatic region and spread into Central and Eastern Europe. Someone will probably notice that many of the V88 in Eastern Europe are Jewish and that the date for leaving the Nile region is close to the time of Exodus. There is nothing in any of the data to indicate that this was the Jewish Exodus from Egypt. The V88 group in Eastern Europe is closely related and there is phylogenetic evidence to support that this may have been a founder event with a single male or small group of closely related males. There is no evidence to support that those founders were Jewish when they left Africa.<br />
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By looking at the big picture, including all the data and letting the data illustrate the patterns, we can unravel what appears to be the mysterious appearance of R1b in Central Africa. Along the way, we can uncover a previously unknown re-migration from Africa to Europe. Too often haplogroup data is treated as discrete buckets of information living in a vacuum with no interaction to other haplogroups and no internal relationships. Every DNA record is connected to every other record in a network. Each haplotype is a vector with location and direction. The sooner we treat genetic records as a network analysis, the sooner we will solve more DNA mysteries.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VYlX4lWJAI4VwKlF7oBvGdcdb5HnmxxLtz9TkX0K9yAauRsIDx8Amn9tjgNs-Dh-VilU0k0ZqpMklC1pkSRtqHeFBTAQ-Z0GPrc7nRMrvh5FCJ-tAX3MF0PXOPbdrGWPp7KgyCO4mrc/s1600/V88+Out+and+Back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4VYlX4lWJAI4VwKlF7oBvGdcdb5HnmxxLtz9TkX0K9yAauRsIDx8Amn9tjgNs-Dh-VilU0k0ZqpMklC1pkSRtqHeFBTAQ-Z0GPrc7nRMrvh5FCJ-tAX3MF0PXOPbdrGWPp7KgyCO4mrc/s1600/V88+Out+and+Back.jpg" height="230" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Out of Iberia and back to Africa. Followed by a return to Europe.</td></tr>
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Reference:<br />
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Maglio, MR (2014) Y Chromosome Haplogroup R1b-V88: Biogeographical Evidence for an Iberian Origin (<a href="http://originsdna.com/content/MRM-R1bV88.pdf">Link</a>)<br />
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-24092143508052193432014-08-12T13:20:00.000-04:002015-01-06T14:46:49.813-05:00Iberian R1b Y-DNA: First Movers in Europe The disputed origins of haplogroup R1b, most commonly thought of as Celtic, remains split between Iberia prior to the end of the last ice age and various West Asian locations after the ice age. A new view on the R1b homeland comes out every year. With all we know about DNA, shouldn’t we be coming to a consensus? Typically, I refer to R1b as Celtic to help an audience make the connection between lettered haplogroups and culture or ethnicity. I also add the caveat that Celtic is a misleading label. R1b is supergroup of cultures including; Iberian, Gallic, Celtic, Germanic and Scandinavian. To attribute empires or nationalities to R1b would be foolish, as R1b is tens of thousands of years older than any known empire.<br />
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Perhaps I’m naïve. I like simple, logical answers. The earliest publications on R1b described their ancestor R1, entering Europe from central Asia during a warm period about 30,000 – 40,000 years ago. The last ice age forced R1 to split and take refuge south in Iberia and the Balkans. Time and separation gave us the mutations R1b in Iberia and R1a in the Balkans. That split is roughly what we see today in those regions. That’s clean and simple. The real world is much more complex. R1b and R1a were not alone in Europe. Their interactions with the other major European haplogroups- E, G, I, J and N has to be taken into consideration. We can’t analyze R1b as if it were in a vacuum.<br />
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Let’s take y-DNA haplogroups out of the picture for a moment. We know that modern humans survived and flourished in the Iberian refuge during the end of the last ice age, based on mitochondrial DNA studies. [Could someone please run some y-DNA tests on those samples?] The tribes in western Europe, whoever they were, had a 1,000 to 2,500 year head start over the tribes in central and eastern Europe on repopulating the continent. The ice sheets melted and retreated earlier on the west coast than in the rest of Europe. This gave the inhabitants of the Iberian refuge an advantage – a “first-mover” advantage gained by being the first to move north. These first-movers gained a land-monopoly. A tribe with a first-mover advantage and over a 1,000 year head start should have been hard to displace from western Europe. In other anthropological situations, those original inhabitants are forced into niche locations by invading populations, but very rarely are displaced completely. What we see on the west coast of Europe, is a very strong R1b presence and no niche haplogroups of a significant age. From this point of view, either R1b is the original Iberian inhabitant or R1b completely decimated another earlier haplogroup that had a 1,000 year geographical head start. I like simple. R1b was in Iberia first.<br />
Let’s throw some data at the problem. The R1b haplogroup population is enormous. The majority fall into SNPs R-P312 (Celto-Iberian) and R-U106 (Celto-Germanic). There is so much information there that it tends to be noise. If you want to get to the root of R1b (R-M343), you need to work with the branches that are closest to the root - R-L278*, R-V88, R-M73*, R-YSC0000072/PF6426 and R-L23.<br />
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• • R1b M343</div>
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• • • R1b1 L278</div>
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• • • • R1b1a P297</div>
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• • • • • R1b1a1 M73</div>
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• • • • • R1b1a2 M269</div>
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• • • • • • R1b1a2a L23</div>
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• • • • R1b1c V88</div>
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[• • • • • • • • • R1b1a2a1a1 U106 - too far downstream]</div>
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[• • • • • • • • • R1b1a2a1a2 P312 - too far downstream]</div>
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I collected 250 records that matched these SNPs or were genetically close by STR haplotype. These records were mapped based on user-reported most distant ancestor location.<br />
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This is not a connect the dot exercise. Just because two or more records appear geographically close doesn’t mean that they are genetically close. These 250 records have to be treated like a network. If this were Facebook, these folks would be randomly associated through family, business, school or neighbor connections. These are y-DNA records. There is a relationship between every pair. Each pair has a different common ancestor, with a different number of generations to get back to that ancestor. Here is an example of what that relationship looks like across multiple pairs. The number represents years back to a common ancestor (TMRCA).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDkrTmmCGcWOFdZO97LaDS2HXYVOyeGqeI6nV6yBpz3oy0y_mEloEB0Qsz2Or47E3-zl3pygQRKjf4jZSGydWMZ7k-Urd39fS-FnKzmtbMk1KcE0sxH0pIT5bq-Csazjo5xUJBxQGnLw/s1600/tmrca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDkrTmmCGcWOFdZO97LaDS2HXYVOyeGqeI6nV6yBpz3oy0y_mEloEB0Qsz2Or47E3-zl3pygQRKjf4jZSGydWMZ7k-Urd39fS-FnKzmtbMk1KcE0sxH0pIT5bq-Csazjo5xUJBxQGnLw/s1600/tmrca.jpg" height="199" width="320" /></a></div>
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When all of the interrelations are taken into consideration, the group of records can be displayed as a relationship tree of who is older or younger and who is more closely related to whom (phylogenetic tree).<br />
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Now we have who, where, when and how the records are connected. At this point it does become a connect the dots exercise. I’ve used a biogeographical analysis to connect very specific sets of dots based on the calculated interrelation of the entire group.<br />
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The R1b genetic family tree has a trunk and many branches. The trunk of the R1b data is firmly rooted in Iberia. The main core of the tree stretches along the western Atlantic coast of Europe and branches across Europe and even back into Asia. The results that I found support the work of the earliest pioneers in the field and conflict with the latest publications. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNzhxTSod4hcrCsXl5jAJmgiIKsxULyuQ6kwScze0zv9UlY8OdQis687cOsCtbZX5Ir-wpg1w37Rg7hd_84HhDQKx1lUUu6l4Xd1QEhA2XRYXNOweRGwldEIS-IoBBHKoWB-qWelwprts/s1600/BigR1b+M73.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNzhxTSod4hcrCsXl5jAJmgiIKsxULyuQ6kwScze0zv9UlY8OdQis687cOsCtbZX5Ir-wpg1w37Rg7hd_84HhDQKx1lUUu6l4Xd1QEhA2XRYXNOweRGwldEIS-IoBBHKoWB-qWelwprts/s1600/BigR1b+M73.jpg" height="164" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Every analysis has its limitations. The work that I’ve done looks back at the R1b family about 8,000 years. The scarcity of data only allowed for me to predict the origin of R-L278, which is currently one branch below the main root of R-M343. I can’t tell where R1b was between the times that R1 split into R1b and R1a, <i>yet</i>. <br />
<br />
In my analysis, I have included R-V88. They are a curious group of R1b found in Africa and the Middle East. I will be treating R-V88 in a separate write-up to do justice to a very interesting back migration story. The R-V88 article can be found <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/09/dna-mysteries-iberian-r1b-v88-in-africa.html">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Reference:<br />
<br />
Maglio, MR (2014) Biogeographical Evidence for the Iberian Origins of R1b-L278 via Haplotype Aggregation (<a href="http://originsdna.com/content/MRM-R1bAgg.pdf">Link</a>)<br />
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-70232415474358753252014-06-26T16:36:00.000-04:002014-06-26T16:36:35.053-04:00Your Autosomal DNA TapestryDeep Into DNA*<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">What does a tapestry have in common with your
autosomal DNA? A tapestry is a colorful
and complex weaving that tells a story.
Your autosomal DNA is a complex weaving of 3 billion base pairs
inherited from your ancestors. Autosomal
DNA can tell multiple stories about ethnicity, health and relationships. As you will see, your DNA can be quite
colorful.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwiNTeuKlOdIM3WRvklD0DxgrpxNDUluaHaYdmeI0tnUalrD8HR5_7f8ocYjYUvU7UCVctQQ3GdhtlDwtao2E0rFIzQZ3z_entDaYOQSuAeVgpVBcsLpFjSq2b-b-bLZAivLZb2ac9cs/s1600/bayeux.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwiNTeuKlOdIM3WRvklD0DxgrpxNDUluaHaYdmeI0tnUalrD8HR5_7f8ocYjYUvU7UCVctQQ3GdhtlDwtao2E0rFIzQZ3z_entDaYOQSuAeVgpVBcsLpFjSq2b-b-bLZAivLZb2ac9cs/s1600/bayeux.jpg" height="176" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Bayeux Tapestry (Source: Wikimedia Commons)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Every year new tools become available to help us
understand our genetic patterns and learn about the stories written in our
genes.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are stories of health
issues, both good and bad.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are
stories of our cousin connections.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There
is diverse color in our ethnic background.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">My autosomal tapestry hangs proudly on the wall.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
...continued at <a href="http://theindepthgenealogist.com/going-in-depth/">The In-Depth Genealogist</a> with a free subscription.<br />
<br />
<br />
*The Deep Into DNA article series is published each month in the <strong>new</strong> <em>Going In-Depth</em><br />
digital genealogy magazine presented by <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/">The In-Depth Genealogist</a>.</div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-12694714861590998892014-04-29T11:58:00.000-04:002020-02-28T17:14:57.910-05:00Exploring Rollo's Roots: DNA Leads the Way<div class="MsoNormal">
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It’s been nearly a year since I wrote about <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2013/07/conquering-williams-dna.html">William the Conqueror’s DNA</a>. Based on a study of men with surnames historically associated with William and their corresponding Y-DNA, I concluded that I identified the genetic signature of the first Norman King of England. Now it’s time to get back to William and more specifically his 3<sup>rd</sup> great grandfather, Rollo. To be honest, the 37 marker Y-DNA haplotype that I published is really connected to Richard the Fearless, William’s great grandfather. Genealogically, the surnames in the study trace back to Richard. As long as there was no hanky-panky, William the Conqueror has the same Y-DNA as Richard. What that also means is that Richard has the same Y-DNA as his grandfather, Rollo.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Based on the work done in my previous <a href="http://originsdna.com/content/MRMPolyg.pdf">paper</a>, the following haplotype is that of William the Conqueror (and Richard the Fearless)-</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS393</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS390</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS19</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS391</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS385a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS385b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS426</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS388</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS439</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS389i</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS392</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS389ii</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">24</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.0pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">29</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS458</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS459a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS459b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS455</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS454</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS447</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS437</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS448</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS449</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS464a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS464b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS464c</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS464d</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">25</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">19</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.0%;" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">29</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 555px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS460</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">Y-GATA-H4</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">YCAIIa</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">YCAIIb</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS456</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS607</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS576</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS570</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">CDYa</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">CDYb</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS442</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">DYS438</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.0pt;" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">19</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.0pt;" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">23</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.0pt;" width="35"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">36</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.0pt;" width="35"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">37</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 7pt;">12</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is an assumption, inherent in genetic genealogy, that there weren’t any non-paternal events between the generations that separate Rollo and William and that this haplotype is that of Rollo as well. One of the goals for this Rollo study is to get more accurate with his haplotype by narrowing the dataset to only those records with 67 markers. The second goal is to determine Rollo’s haplogroup R SNP. The best I was able to determine for William was R-P312, which is a fairly high level SNP. My third goal is to determine Rollo’s origin using my TribeMapper analysis. Whether Rollo is Danish or Norwegian has been disputed for hundreds of years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I picked up where I left off with William. There were 152 Y-DNA records that made it into the William the Conqueror Modal Haplotype (WCMH). For each of these records a 67 marker test result and SNP testing result were added to the analysis, where the data was available. I threw out any record that didn’t have enough data and retained the ones that grouped into a single SNP of R-DF13 (just downstream of R-L21). Based on these final 25 records, I have identified the 67 marker Rollo Norman Modal Haplotype (RNMH) as follows:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS393<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS390<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS391<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS385a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS385b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS426<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS388<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS439<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS389i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS392<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS389ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.80681610107422px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS458<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS459a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS459b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS455<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS454<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS447<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS437<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS448<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS449<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS464a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS464b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS464c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS464d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.80681610107422px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS460<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.07954406738281px;" valign="bottom" width="10%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">Y-GATA-H4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">YCAIIa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">YCAIIb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS456<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS576<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS570<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">CDYa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">CDYb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS442<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS438<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.07954406738281px;" valign="bottom" width="10%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.443180084228516px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS531<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS578<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYF395S1a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.625px;" valign="bottom" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYF395S1b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS590<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS537<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS641<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS472<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.07954406738281px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYF406S1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS511<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS425<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS413a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS413b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.625px;" valign="bottom" width="9%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.079544067382813px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.07954406738281px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.988636016845703px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.71590805053711px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.625px;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS557<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS594<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS436<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS490<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS534<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS450<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS444<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS481<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS520<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS446<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS617<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS568<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2613639831543px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.352272033691406px;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 320px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS487<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS572<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS640<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">DYS565<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Based on this modal haplotype and the associated SNP, a broader collection of genetic cousin records were identified to be used with my new <a href="http://originsdna.com/tmperson.html">TribeMapper</a> analysis (<a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/01/getting-more-from-your-genetic-testing.html">Biogeographical Multilateration</a>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5adRIlLjFVaOeHcgrIezWlNB4HcQ5d00ujco1A_k_qR1AsQVzbumoBAm3NoEL6d3Sf8E44fxq-vjZP4WawQw1VEpPLjqPo-Ybn1TKZZHcAcMT2fO9Wbee4YdWwmroeE1npVkysmRsQs/s1600/map1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5adRIlLjFVaOeHcgrIezWlNB4HcQ5d00ujco1A_k_qR1AsQVzbumoBAm3NoEL6d3Sf8E44fxq-vjZP4WawQw1VEpPLjqPo-Ybn1TKZZHcAcMT2fO9Wbee4YdWwmroeE1npVkysmRsQs/s1600/map1.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
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This map shows the geographic distribution of Rollo’s cousins. The large number of points along the coast of Normandy is a good sign. If the majority of points were in Eastern Europe, I would have to revisit my whole hypothesis about William the Conqueror. It is best not to try to interpret any relationships until we look at them through the lens of a phylogenetic tree.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5VCvyUduGJaZui53qUIABAC1BAONg2jdpM28vMbnR_sjvZd_8vdQN-YJcir_7ZjBMTegiXB49BCqwIe6giLDNAWqKsJyoQ_kkVx8eU3c7V8968mgvXz65kbMMG8033GKxnhzOphlJWSY/s1600/phylotree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5VCvyUduGJaZui53qUIABAC1BAONg2jdpM28vMbnR_sjvZd_8vdQN-YJcir_7ZjBMTegiXB49BCqwIe6giLDNAWqKsJyoQ_kkVx8eU3c7V8968mgvXz65kbMMG8033GKxnhzOphlJWSY/s1600/phylotree.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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The TribeMapper analysis takes into consideration the mapped location, the tree node connections and the time between common ancestors. The time is converted to distance based on the demic diffusion migration rate. The distance is plotted to ‘triangulate’ the geographic location of each common ancestor. This is a process called multilateration.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The earliest documented origins for Rollo come from Dudo of Saint-Quentin in 1015 and William of Jumièges in 1060. Both ‘histories’ were commissioned by the House of Normandy and attribute a Danish origin to Rollo. Commissioned biographies can border on mythology. The Norwegian Orkneyinga Saga, from the 13th century, gives Rollo a Norwegian origin. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I’ve run the analysis with Rollo’s record as an unknown location. <a href="http://originsdna.blogspot.com/2014/04/dna-day-y-dna-tribemapper-report-contest.html">TribeMapper</a> allows us to back into the location for any unknown point. What we get is a highly constrained location for Rollo’s ancestor, in the middle of Denmark. The data then shows that Rollo may have lived within 226 km of that paternal ancestor. The red circle illustrates the range for Rollo. This covers the majority of Denmark. The data also shows that Rollo’s ancestors, going back at least 12 generations were also in Denmark.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiXg_jOTpnWnFE-x9eYMiSV7BykLYZm_XvavCflxr4Qf5EsvOW1fHt6GMkDjxrRewgQhfCPz9WXDb0TSS51UwtP78lwRLsmj0d-W6cgWa7IURNSff6BQX3sKju768k_eDK6CjGRxf-_g/s1600/bgm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiXg_jOTpnWnFE-x9eYMiSV7BykLYZm_XvavCflxr4Qf5EsvOW1fHt6GMkDjxrRewgQhfCPz9WXDb0TSS51UwtP78lwRLsmj0d-W6cgWa7IURNSff6BQX3sKju768k_eDK6CjGRxf-_g/s1600/bgm1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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We can give the Norwegians some credit also. The ancestors of Rollo’s ancestors were Nowegian, with an origin on the west coast of Norway. Rollo’s ancestors were responsible for multiple branches of migration into Europe. This includes a back migration into Norway that then went on to invade Scotland.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtm2yaOwcZ8v9jR314j_n684UHMgB-htd6K5jfAU7dp26TmT0v65xxE7FvjbzIx1x6hwIC1rXWMHB9qtsClc15B8voaJDX8tswu-fNTRceIqnE5ElzemB2sBOTJxV6tV_5X6yOnHmSVIE/s1600/Migration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtm2yaOwcZ8v9jR314j_n684UHMgB-htd6K5jfAU7dp26TmT0v65xxE7FvjbzIx1x6hwIC1rXWMHB9qtsClc15B8voaJDX8tswu-fNTRceIqnE5ElzemB2sBOTJxV6tV_5X6yOnHmSVIE/s1600/Migration.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This was accomplished with small sample of 65 records for simplification. Much larger data sets could determine the genetic flow in a greater geographic and chronologic view. Additional records within the same SNP grouping could result in a more accurate origin for Rollo. Records that are genetically upstream from the SNP and STR group used, may identify the nomadic migrations prior to the Western Norway settlement.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I’ve run this simulation multiple times, getting the same results. I’m comfortable calling Rollo – “The Dane”.<br />
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Reference:<br />
<br />
Maglio, MR (2014) Biogeographical Origins and Y-chromosome Signature for the House of Normandy (<a href="http://originsdna.com/content/MRM-Rollo.pdf">Link</a>)<br />
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com81tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-46705917205256621402014-02-20T21:44:00.000-05:002014-02-21T22:25:45.967-05:00Pushing the BoundariesTonight I made a guest appearance on Steve St. Clair's SinclairDNA BlogTalkRadio episode - <i>Pushing the Boundaries of What Can Be Learned from Your DNA</i>.<br />
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The episode was recorded live Friday, February 21 (2014). You can listen to the recording through your computer by using this link - <a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/stevestclair/2014/02/22/pushing-the-boundaries-of-what-can-be-learned-from-dna">SinclairDNA</a><br />
<br />
Steve and I talked about my recent experience with y-DNA research; Mapping y-DNA, William the Conqueror and a rare R1b group R-L11*. We'll also talked a bit on the future of y-DNA testing.<br />
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Have a listen if you get a moment. You can even download the show and take it with you.Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-73723414004765492432014-02-10T11:50:00.000-05:002014-02-10T11:50:00.045-05:00The Third Brother: A Y-DNA Tale<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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If we were to look at the Y-DNA family tree, we would see ancestors and descendants in a genetic sense. Haplogroup B is descended from A and C is descended from B. If we keep going, R is descended from P, etc. Within haplogroup R is SNP R-L11/P310 (R1b1a2a1a ISOGG 2014). There was a boy born somewhere between 3,000 and 10,000 years ago (there is much disagreement on the exact age). This boy was the first male to have this mutation on his Y-chromosome. He essentially became the ‘father’ of all R1b men in Western Europe.<br />
<br /> This R-L11 man had three sons, in the genetic sense, not in the literal sense. The first two sons are R-U106 and R-P312. Their stories are well known (at least in genetic genealogy circles). This is the story of the third brother, the one without a name. I’m going out on a limb in saying that this third branch exists as an independent unidentified SNP. R-DF100 has been identified as belonging to this third branch. Yet, it is too early to determine whether DF100 is the third brother or one of the many nephews (I had to keep the analogy going). Currently it is known as R-L11*/P310* (xU106,xP312), which means that folks on this branch test positive for having the L11 SNP and test negative for the U106 and P312 SNPs. Let’s call him R-x for simplicity. In case you were wondering, a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is a mutation that can mark a branch point on your DNA.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMFA5MHb6MBexYckYFLeNI56WasBtP05csSH7nIuhj0KjHIBBXMRSPQY-nYEjRn1qut8ZpYadBRNqLLBucO1UiJj2KoA2kOli0zl-fPbB9pNIruE_me2fwFR-13LYvQ52w_Z5eXwWN9Gg/s1600/3+Brothers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMFA5MHb6MBexYckYFLeNI56WasBtP05csSH7nIuhj0KjHIBBXMRSPQY-nYEjRn1qut8ZpYadBRNqLLBucO1UiJj2KoA2kOli0zl-fPbB9pNIruE_me2fwFR-13LYvQ52w_Z5eXwWN9Gg/s1600/3+Brothers.jpg" height="222" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
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What do we know about R-x? They are a small group, only about 10% of the very large R1b population in Europe. They are still found in substantial numbers in Danelaw areas, the Netherlands, Pomerania, former Prussia and Denmark. U.S. President John Adams is one famous member of group R-x. A group of R-x descendants have created a site (<a href="http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/r1b1a2a1a">http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/r1b1a2a1a</a>) for those who are interested in tracing their family origins further back, have taken a y-DNA deep clade test and tested positive for L11 and negative for P312 / U106. </div>
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I was approached because of my work done on <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2013/07/conquering-williams-dna.html">William the Conqueror’s DNA</a>. The question was asked, what was the frequency of R-L11* (R-x) in the Conqueror study. All of the DNA records that made it into the final paper were R-L21*, which is downstream from R-P312. Unfortunately, for the R-x folks, that meant that no R-x records made it into the William the Conqueror modal haplotype. <br /><br /> R-x was rare and it piqued my curiosity. I wanted to know how they fit into the bigger picture, where they came from and maybe connect them to a part of history. I’ve had some good success with geographical distribution of y-DNA data based on multiple distance measurements from reference positions (BGM). To start, I collected 26 R-x y-DNA records with close STR marker matches and known or probable SNP matches. Eight of these records were directly from the R1b1a2a1a website group data. The records were processed to determine time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). The neighbor-joining method was run on the results to create a phylogenetic tree.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUAQUStWf8FmK4Lzga95lF8mY5ui9dwQahZK-sHmy5MWQyryDhyYcvn6BlmLjvxCPtTEczRYeQ3N2STX26LmIzrwph58kIlpyak-WJFpaGvsC14xh4KJ2TLZenZM6ZuDjZngSYQYiTDU/s1600/R-x.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUAQUStWf8FmK4Lzga95lF8mY5ui9dwQahZK-sHmy5MWQyryDhyYcvn6BlmLjvxCPtTEczRYeQ3N2STX26LmIzrwph58kIlpyak-WJFpaGvsC14xh4KJ2TLZenZM6ZuDjZngSYQYiTDU/s1600/R-x.jpg" height="257" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure 2 – Phylogenetic Tree
– R-L11*/P310* (xU106, xP312)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Each of these records were picked because they also contained self-reported ancestral origins. The records were mapped based on these origins and a range calculated from the TMRCA was drawn as a radius representing distance to a common ancestor. See “<a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/01/getting-more-from-your-genetic-testing.html">Getting More</a>” for additional details. <br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCMJYNu8hi9JJQmyzHR79_hfBzdZah9hKDgoCEjqQ4s0HWMv-wJpDHg6xIKB1FWlFBAeo4Ya7ZUta5161LaaV1fjyHwHcKWH0iO8Bx7Nb8Ds4HySoYiiZvMSlssb7_yL_bMDOareB-Xgc/s1600/R-x+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCMJYNu8hi9JJQmyzHR79_hfBzdZah9hKDgoCEjqQ4s0HWMv-wJpDHg6xIKB1FWlFBAeo4Ya7ZUta5161LaaV1fjyHwHcKWH0iO8Bx7Nb8Ds4HySoYiiZvMSlssb7_yL_bMDOareB-Xgc/s1600/R-x+Map.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Figure
3 – Generalized Migration Flow – R-L11*/P310* (xU106,xP312)</span></td></tr>
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Migration direction is determined from phylogenetic connections. The orange arrows represent the primary migrations from the South Baltic region starting 2,000 years ago ± 200 years. The destinations for these migrations were into Scandinavia and along the Rhine River. The yellow arrows represent secondary migration events ending about 1,000 years ago. The results validate the R-x group’s origin locations (Pomerania, former Prussia and Denmark) and adds the Rhine River as a secondary origin. This is not the endgame. This just gets us 2,000 years into the past. Additional records need to be identified to push us back another 1,000 or so years. Where were the R-x ancestors before they were in the South Baltic?<br /> <br /> The third brother remains unnamed. Perhaps his name is R-DF100. The SNP hunters, those folks that are finding new SNPs every day, need more R-L11*/P310* (xU106,xP312) samples in order to identify a defining SNP. I’d also love to see better techniques of determining the age of a genetic branch. Someday we will know the name and the birthdate of the third brother. <br /><br /><br /><div>
Reference: <br />Maglio, MR (2014) Y-Chromosome Haplotype Origins via Biogeographical Multilateration (<a href="http://originhunters.com/content/MRM-BGM.pdf">Link</a>) <br /><br />© MRMaglio 2014 </div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-48168388214578025572014-01-29T22:57:00.000-05:002014-03-14T05:53:55.962-04:00Getting More from Your Genetic Testing Results: Y-DNA Mapping<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> Y-DNA testing has only been around for about 15 years and can tell
us about our direct paternal ancestry.
It is sometimes criticized for only being able to tell us about a small
portion of our genetic history. I think
the critics forget that our mothers have fathers and there are a number of ways
to obtain male test subjects to expand Y results across the entire family
tree. In the last few years, there has
been a brighter spotlight on autosomal testing and its ability to test a larger
portion of our genes. This may have
diverted research attention. Relatively
speaking, y-DNA is still in its infancy and there is much more to be learned. In addition to our deep ancestral origins
dating back over 10,000 years, we should be able to identify our old world
homeland and our nomadic ancestor’s migration routes. It is meaningful to know not only where they
lived, but also when they lived to give us clues to their part in history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXzCh0GssxyQJwWRpn9saigrDj4jhLCChtmoctTY1f1CfxvOEnnvICjh4N_DLPZCK68MMNNRPA1qSuWBdkewxUWy5U9yLZf5jBRcxgtkgue5ig72RuduLXQ3pe_LV4IoVYD7Z-KPPsJwM/s1600/BGM+Words.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXzCh0GssxyQJwWRpn9saigrDj4jhLCChtmoctTY1f1CfxvOEnnvICjh4N_DLPZCK68MMNNRPA1qSuWBdkewxUWy5U9yLZf5jBRcxgtkgue5ig72RuduLXQ3pe_LV4IoVYD7Z-KPPsJwM/s1600/BGM+Words.jpg" height="132" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> My closest genetic cousins and I share a common
ancestor over 1,100 years ago. With that many years between us, I didn’t
spend a lot of time looking for a common surname. For the last four
years, I’ve been working with y-DNA to determine what can be learned beyond
cousin matches and distant origins. I originally tested with the
Genographic Project and then transferred my results to Family Tree DNA for an
upgrade. In the time since getting my upgrade to 67 markers, I have
received only one match. This is due to my haplotype being somewhat rare
and not a reflection of Family Tree DNA’s ability to provide matches. I learned
that I was part of haplogroup G, from the Caucasus Mountains. I
didn’t learn anything about how the ancestors of my Italian family traveled
from Western Asia to Italy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> I needed to find more cousin matches than the client
base that had tested with FTDNA. Ancestry.com allowed me to enter my
y-DNA markers into their DNA section. I compared my haplotype against the
database at Sorenson Molecular (SMGF.org). I also tried Genebase.com and
any other place I could find. I didn’t locate any cousins. I did
get a good education on what is out there for DNA companies and services.
FTDNA allowed me to transfer my results to Ysearch.org, a free public DNA
matching service that they provide. Ysearch provided much more
flexibility. Where FTDNA would only show me matches with a genetic
distance of seven or less, Ysearch allowed me to select the genetic distance.
Without the genetic distance restrictions, Ysearch showed me hundreds of <i>very</i>
distantly related cousins. I’d rather have distant than none. FTDNA
is not trying to be difficult. They are trying to be realistic and keep
matches within genealogical timeframes. I just needed more.</span><span style="font-family: "Gisha","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> While not used consistently, one of the best features
of Ysearch is its ability to present the most distant known paternal ancestor
(MDKPA) and their origin. So now, I had cousins and their ancestral
origins. The greater the genetic distance, the closer I got to the
Caucasus Mountains. I mapped my closest cousins and their pushpins
created a line from the Alps to the North Sea, directly along the Rhine River.
This was a pattern. I like patterns. There is usually a
scientific reason for a pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0vPWacSgIUSRgKLmG5owh0-pSfOvTXDKkuuVDN1L-zKKMu8yKzrRqoyg0MqIWye9R6A-_OXDcoNTQy9FvlDxjHiqU2E2xB8IK1P2yHGwYfi-seleCDqpRWpdh_m0RyuEuV4UbosbHTWk/s1600/G+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0vPWacSgIUSRgKLmG5owh0-pSfOvTXDKkuuVDN1L-zKKMu8yKzrRqoyg0MqIWye9R6A-_OXDcoNTQy9FvlDxjHiqU2E2xB8IK1P2yHGwYfi-seleCDqpRWpdh_m0RyuEuV4UbosbHTWk/s1600/G+map.jpg" height="259" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure 1 – Mapping Ancestral Origins</div>
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<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> I’ve run a few hundred
genetic mapping exercises on the majority of Y haplogroups. The patterns are consistent. Our ancestors traveled along rivers and
coastlines. They skirted mountain ranges
and crossed bodies of water. There is
always a flow to the patterns, but the science and the why were still missing. I’ve always been interested in early Eurasian
history and have tried to associate it to the patterns in the maps that I
generated. Some maps have places and
dates that connect well to notable events.
Other maps raise more questions than answers. Genetic tests and history alone were not
making a complete picture. I needed to
add population genetics, migration models, anthropology and evolutionary
biology to my knowledge base.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> Take <i>any </i> two people on the planet, compare their DNA and you can
calculate, approximately, how far back in time their common ancestor lived –
time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA).
Our ancestors were nomadic and traveled about 25 to 30 km per generation
or roughly 1 km/year on average. If a
common ancestor lived 300 years ago, then that person’s descendants may have
migrated 300 km from the geographic origin of that ancestor. In the figure below, d<sub>1</sub> and d<sub>2</sub>
represent the origins of two known y-DNA genetic records. The circles show the distance their ancestors
may have migrated. The intersections are
the potential locations of their common ancestor. In this case, there are two intersections, a<sub>1</sub>
and a<sub>2</sub>. More y-DNA records
are required to figure out which intersection is correct. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjY9xvzYmxmv0ypQZOjpxobwo3CeBOokB2T9hVWgX4L-FIdqwj6Gwngfn8s7FDFw5WFlMtH7VFSiWu-Nw4sB0TEqvowEnDDEu3R8tTatScVn85miVr6bUJ-Jug5zI3QTmc1eI_WxeJlhg/s1600/Bilateration-D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjY9xvzYmxmv0ypQZOjpxobwo3CeBOokB2T9hVWgX4L-FIdqwj6Gwngfn8s7FDFw5WFlMtH7VFSiWu-Nw4sB0TEqvowEnDDEu3R8tTatScVn85miVr6bUJ-Jug5zI3QTmc1eI_WxeJlhg/s1600/Bilateration-D.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 2 – Distance to Most Recent Common Ancestor
(Bilateration)</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> The genetic analysis that
I have developed is similar to a navigation technique. Radio navigation uses two or more beacons
with known locations and a measurement of the time it takes to receive a signal
from each. The time is converted to a
distance. A current location can then be
identified. In my method, the “beacons”
are the</span><span style="font-family: "Gisha","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">ancestral geographic origins. The
“signal” is the TMRCA, measured in years, converted to a distance by
multiplying the average migration rate – creating a distance to most recent
common ancestor (DMRCA). A location for
the common ancestor can then be figured out by looking at the intersections. Multiple y-DNA records are needed to
determine migration direction and geographic origins of a related set of
genetic cousins. The science is starting
to take shape.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> I am G-Z726, which is a subgroup of G-Z725. At Ysearch or on an FTDNA project you may still see an older naming convention - G2a3b. As an example, let’s look
at 18 of my closest genetic cousins – haplogroup G-Z725, (DYS388=13). TMRCA data is generated using Dean McGee’s
Y-Utility. The output is turned into a
phylogenetic tree and the DMRCA is calculated.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBaYG8YKbd5MIDllMchm3mHIEmnu_wpR9hMw28vXzKepWt5q942REIK7dbL1Ie6yg_a3HrSKKk2qnxAzQNPuiMPkYUfvYd6KDxpY0DFJqZITVmlvPrMM4TX0H8Kntcboty4_sv0lJPw0/s1600/Mag+Tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBaYG8YKbd5MIDllMchm3mHIEmnu_wpR9hMw28vXzKepWt5q942REIK7dbL1Ie6yg_a3HrSKKk2qnxAzQNPuiMPkYUfvYd6KDxpY0DFJqZITVmlvPrMM4TX0H8Kntcboty4_sv0lJPw0/s1600/Mag+Tree.jpg" height="255" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 3 - Phylogenetic Tree - G-Z725 Sample</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">Each distance is used to draw a circle that represents the
migration range of that ancestral line.
My range (MAG) and the range of my next closest cousin on the tree (BAB)
create two intersections on the map. One
point is in Africa and <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">the other is in Eastern Europe. </span><span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHVkyOY38Zk5xu1skjrtxXswqpWvDsrSwYP7dQTSNda2X6KTsQ8EL3EWWwh2rhJAZG-TjWu9xfBSpb5ftmD3Aw3q-L-DVjLwzGuK8kJY6x-yRDBiO3Fq3N4c99rn9jbawDXUSDvMW8ESc/s1600/Mag-CA7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHVkyOY38Zk5xu1skjrtxXswqpWvDsrSwYP7dQTSNda2X6KTsQ8EL3EWWwh2rhJAZG-TjWu9xfBSpb5ftmD3Aw3q-L-DVjLwzGuK8kJY6x-yRDBiO3Fq3N4c99rn9jbawDXUSDvMW8ESc/s1600/Mag-CA7.jpg" height="195" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 4 - Intersection of MAG and BAB</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">By adding the range of cousin EBE, the correct intersection representing
common ancestor 7 (CA7) is identified.
Pairs of records are mapped to continue the analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqQ6Os7jEh2dZJ0NodlK5Bwpl0RpTK1KfHyDbSMr-HcwhkEL4C6Dp3phsgLWHBSgcaaOJOwr_DEO5imNvV8Kob3_O1n6HFSUrIo5wu6QpOhLep0QoGFEaCjqPsgWBHxheCs_vGkOltKM/s1600/Mag-CA3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwqQ6Os7jEh2dZJ0NodlK5Bwpl0RpTK1KfHyDbSMr-HcwhkEL4C6Dp3phsgLWHBSgcaaOJOwr_DEO5imNvV8Kob3_O1n6HFSUrIo5wu6QpOhLep0QoGFEaCjqPsgWBHxheCs_vGkOltKM/s1600/Mag-CA3.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 5 - Intersection of BIR and RUF</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">BIR and RUF are another example and they identify common ancestor
CA3. Each record is added until all
common ancestors are identified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWpymuJW7gG64XKWzsqI5q6FQUcL5SOtcsTLRxER1X86X4vvG5kQIhL1MxPgUieZmpJFg4TwTvHmSf0NMvWR6hRoarUZcmHMxTd_rWxWQ4qFzugXZdpr1SoZIKM4z2PwUKd-99YxO1eu4/s1600/Mag-CAs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWpymuJW7gG64XKWzsqI5q6FQUcL5SOtcsTLRxER1X86X4vvG5kQIhL1MxPgUieZmpJFg4TwTvHmSf0NMvWR6hRoarUZcmHMxTd_rWxWQ4qFzugXZdpr1SoZIKM4z2PwUKd-99YxO1eu4/s1600/Mag-CAs.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 6 - Common Ancestors Mapped</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">Connections are drawn based on the phylogenetic tree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGgxUByO7-27d4pDzK7S6-uEVI-h2g3zhdcUW9L_0QXtfUdbfjPla_RynNPNl1zIQSY1RK-nipYEL0hD64WezFR5Id9DQ3LlYnmo74fEaFNz6TyiFGqrMyX2LW3KBgSwDDAuPQbpv1nA/s1600/Mag-Arrows.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGgxUByO7-27d4pDzK7S6-uEVI-h2g3zhdcUW9L_0QXtfUdbfjPla_RynNPNl1zIQSY1RK-nipYEL0hD64WezFR5Id9DQ3LlYnmo74fEaFNz6TyiFGqrMyX2LW3KBgSwDDAuPQbpv1nA/s1600/Mag-Arrows.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 7 - Phylogenetic Tree Superimposed</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">Then for simplification, the migration flow is generalized. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, common
ancestor 7 (CA7) is the most distant common ancestor (MDCA) of samples in this
example. The western migration flow has
a slight correlation to the Danube River and the North/South migrations have a
strong correlation to the Rhine River.
Early attempts at direct mapping of genetic data (Fig. 1) gave similar
results based on TMRCA alone. There was
no corroborating <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">evidence of directionality or definitive proof of MDCA. </span><span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgchrPULUsAuOq0vnXXB9aNRe_g_u9wqEnXGFfx4uricVAWP7MDJKCl4E6H_gI3EdAVa4XxLX733Nkyc9fLg055mjqpLjUHON74Wnix3keEP0FuGYvZCzZZIIEb4fl_hYqaBN2Hk5FMs/s1600/Mag-Arrows2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgchrPULUsAuOq0vnXXB9aNRe_g_u9wqEnXGFfx4uricVAWP7MDJKCl4E6H_gI3EdAVa4XxLX733Nkyc9fLg055mjqpLjUHON74Wnix3keEP0FuGYvZCzZZIIEb4fl_hYqaBN2Hk5FMs/s1600/Mag-Arrows2.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 8 - Generalized Migration Flow - G-Z725</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> The new methodology that I have developed
shows ancestral origins and migration direction. I call this method biogeographical
multilateration (BGM). It is the
geographical distribution of y-DNA data based on multiple distance measurements
from reference positions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> This method also has the
potential to identify the location of a DNA sample when the origin is unknown. For
one of my clients, I identified that his paternal ancestor that had immigrated
to the United States may have anglicized their name. The previous name was German and that surname
was found predominantly in central Germany.
Applying biogeographical multilateration to my client’s y-DNA results,
while leaving the origin as an unknown, indicated a continental European origin
within 200km of the city with the highest surname density. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> In the referenced paper,
the example haplogroup, I-L22, has an approximate correlation to the
Norse/Viking invasions of Britain and identifies a Frisian coast staging area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIiwcn1wvWytCdnX64OJP6WgsYtph_Qnm7SuEp2QQn5Q7vIVyFgqHWYW-SawPfnOe27P9XXX33HGI_LbCRvdsK9Urz-3hq3AB9P9ltc6jjL-0wEtpgdZMdtZIMbL9J5nk2-6c4Xg_ouk/s1600/BGM+Flow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIiwcn1wvWytCdnX64OJP6WgsYtph_Qnm7SuEp2QQn5Q7vIVyFgqHWYW-SawPfnOe27P9XXX33HGI_LbCRvdsK9Urz-3hq3AB9P9ltc6jjL-0wEtpgdZMdtZIMbL9J5nk2-6c4Xg_ouk/s1600/BGM+Flow.jpg" height="273" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 9 - Generalized Migration Flow - I-L22</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> We are still in the
infancy of what we can learn from y-DNA.
My BGM analysis has room for refinement.
There is enough science out there to help us. New research is being done at the aggregate
population level. We can apply elements
of that research to the individual level.
Biogeographical multilateration has the potential to fill the gap in our
knowledge between genealogical records and deep haplogroup roots. This new tool can give us old world ancestral
origins, migration flow and historical timeframes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;"> I needed to learn more
about my DNA and my origins. The big
testing companies haven’t filled the knowledge gaps that exist. They are in the business of providing quality
test results. The analysis and tool
creation is falling on the shoulders of “citizen scientists”. Sometimes, you just have to do it yourself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">Reference:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Gisha, sans-serif;">Maglio, MR (2014) Y-Chromosome
Haplotype Origins via Biogeographical Multilateration (<a href="http://originhunters.com/content/MRM-BGM.pdf">Link</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-85557830397385072122014-01-29T19:57:00.001-05:002014-01-29T19:58:40.106-05:00The Shape of Words to Come<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2NRIuYuzCu6jCTuerXKwfyn8lnXa1w2mjSsN0bReRMLaJKL0TLjF8YMp3kduwU5Kj8f6qFEYgPXlezoDvC4NUgSKn7A9jhAbtYMYm3erWbFvJnwdwZHrHdCAyaSHSYOQ5yB2ubG-Z2xE/s1600/BGM+Words.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2NRIuYuzCu6jCTuerXKwfyn8lnXa1w2mjSsN0bReRMLaJKL0TLjF8YMp3kduwU5Kj8f6qFEYgPXlezoDvC4NUgSKn7A9jhAbtYMYm3erWbFvJnwdwZHrHdCAyaSHSYOQ5yB2ubG-Z2xE/s1600/BGM+Words.jpg" height="265" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-22814423686206900792014-01-19T05:16:00.000-05:002014-01-19T05:16:43.171-05:00Pandora's DNADeep Into DNA*<br />
<br /> Ah, poor Pandora. So slandered. <div>
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<div>
As the story goes, Zeus gave her a jar and told her never to open it. Pandora’s curiosity got the better of her and she released all the ‘evils’ upon mankind. This is one of many origin stories for why there is evil in the world. This is also a metaphor for the spread or release of information. Too much knowledge can be ‘evil’. <div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3RbLbgQBUh0hJm7smlFupRi4EG7d0T7KY56PUOBe9JfcRz6KymUIKDkK6NKnxjgzGixaLTyxO_VA1tnqvD4Z7bKyfy_mLAmi60xHnKGTqrN6biHRL7yVZpKd5u5MMFPCkjP6zcREm2w/s1600/Pandora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3RbLbgQBUh0hJm7smlFupRi4EG7d0T7KY56PUOBe9JfcRz6KymUIKDkK6NKnxjgzGixaLTyxO_VA1tnqvD4Z7bKyfy_mLAmi60xHnKGTqrN6biHRL7yVZpKd5u5MMFPCkjP6zcREm2w/s1600/Pandora.jpg" height="320" width="191" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
New knowledge discoveries are often also slandered. DNA test results are a modern example of disrupting the status quo. <div>
<br /></div>
<div>
...continued at <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?page_id=6086">The In-Depth Genealogist</a> with a free membership.<br />
<br />
<br />
*The Deep Into DNA article series is published each month in the <strong>new</strong> <em>Going In-Depth</em><br />
digital genealogy magazine presented by <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/">The In-Depth Genealogist</a>.<br />
<br />
#gDNA</div>
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</div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-91647722166798263252013-07-21T23:17:00.000-04:002020-02-28T17:11:35.604-05:00Conquering William's DNA One of my favorite aspects of y-DNA is that it’s used to prove or disprove that two men with the same last name are closely related. Two family lines with a similar surname can figure out if they have a common ancestor. The DNA matches or it doesn’t. What do you do if the common ancestor you are looking for doesn’t have a surname? If you are researching the British Isles, the surname you are looking for is probably less than 1,000 years old.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkZ5gLa_qizSGjGFO-kb8WclIKy_3O7tZpGnjP7fouweU-zhIk5V39fqQIF63lvNghAkVAfYfMXeAlXVWc6Vdq0nQmyBeMkJ2UVxsWYikp9jyJszblfzYIB4jbrRTa8u4_FhdEZYP2N0/s1600/New+Picture+(1).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkZ5gLa_qizSGjGFO-kb8WclIKy_3O7tZpGnjP7fouweU-zhIk5V39fqQIF63lvNghAkVAfYfMXeAlXVWc6Vdq0nQmyBeMkJ2UVxsWYikp9jyJszblfzYIB4jbrRTa8u4_FhdEZYP2N0/s400/New+Picture+(1).png" width="400" /></a></div>
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What were the surnames associated with William the Conqueror? To start, who was William the Conqueror? William the ‘bastard’ was born about 1028 in Normandy, the illegitimate son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva. William was the 3rd great grandson of Rollo, the Viking who harassed the French so much that they gave him Normandy in order to make him stop.<br />
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In 1066, when King Edward ‘the confessor’ of England died, William was a potential heir to the English crown. When he didn’t get the nod, he took the crown by force by defeating and killing King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.<br />
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Finding the DNA of William the Conqueror is not that easy. He has no documented living male-line descendants. King Henry I was his last legitimate offspring. If you look in the phone book, you won’t find too many names listed under Conqueror, William T. That makes asking for a DNA sample problematic. <br />
<br />
We have to look at the entire line of Dukes from the House of Normandy to identify the surnames that they would eventually adopt. The line from Rollo to William looks like this – Rollo (846-931) > William I (900-942) > Richard I (933-996) > Richard II (978-1026) > Robert I (1000-1035) > William II (1028-1087). To start, there is some evidence, true or not, that the surnames Clifford, Devereaux and St. Clair have a direct connection back to Richard I and Richard II. It’s not my goal to prove anyone’s genealogy. Many medieval genealogies are pure fiction, geneamyth. Although, with ever story there may be a piece of the truth. Some of William’s companions at the Battle of Hastings were his cousins and it would have made sense for him to surround himself with kin. I collected those names and others that had a tenuous connection.<br />
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I began the process with the following 27 names; Bartelott, Beaumont, Bruce, Clifford, Corbett, D’Arcy, Devereaux, Giffard, Hereford, Lindsay, Molyneaux, Montgomery, Mortimer, Mowbray, Neville, Norman, Norton, Osbern, Pearsall, Ramsey, Spencer, St. Clair, Stewart, Sutton, Talbott, Umfreville and Warren. While this is not an exhaustive list, it did provide 3,800 records to sift through.<br />
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DNA records for these surnames were collected from publically available sources and sorted into haplogroups. Remember, everyone is related. It’s just a question of how far back in time they share a common ancestor. Members of haplogroups I and J may share an ancestor about 30,000 years ago, but my goal is to find as many surnames that have a common ancestor about 1,000 years ago. So, DNA comparison was limited to within haplogroups. Immediately, groups E1b, G2a, I2, J and R1a were eliminated for having no cross surname relationships.<br />
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The first likely candidate was haplogroup I1. I1 would make sense. It is a typical Scandinavian group and Rollo is supposed to be either Norwegian or Danish. There was some good cross surname relationships among 8 of the 27 surnames. More analysis showed that they didn’t form a tight clan and that their common ancestor would have been over 1,250 years ago. That predates Rollo. This doesn’t completely rule out haplogroup I1, but my expectation was that there would be a higher number of surnames and a common ancestor between Rollo and William.<br />
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The next candidate was group R1b, the most populous haplogroup in Europe and having a potential Scandinavian or continental Europe origin. This group clustered well across 25 of the 27 surnames and revealed a genetically related clan. To make sure that this wasn’t a false positive or something symptomatic about the large R1b population, I took a random sample of British Isles R1b y-DNA and ran the same comparison. The random sample did not group well and actually formed multiple clusters.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9BCBwhSpPGZe9JYLnT2IfGqiRS4kXyqxa-vhEBxnCh-HKojDQ_r2VJrtZBHunO6pzH7hClcSYF2DhXPrioQieVOPo_h6KpTgGXInlwS2VtzvfXi3bTiPaMN33MK3QLdKwTpIcd66s8oQ/s1600/New+Picture+(2).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9BCBwhSpPGZe9JYLnT2IfGqiRS4kXyqxa-vhEBxnCh-HKojDQ_r2VJrtZBHunO6pzH7hClcSYF2DhXPrioQieVOPo_h6KpTgGXInlwS2VtzvfXi3bTiPaMN33MK3QLdKwTpIcd66s8oQ/s200/New+Picture+(2).png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMSDXk5hJSozZeUJEN_KkJ696Chfd-bNzJGXWGCnyvuC0Ks5xM-mpiLE0k1ykA0G3yWKer3sRyk8MaVTTk138FLZjl1Uj3Zfke6NJ7h0z2Vcm9JQLhB1rw4LMDbx-qKEkM_vOwvflcUnw/s1600/New+Picture+%25283%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMSDXk5hJSozZeUJEN_KkJ696Chfd-bNzJGXWGCnyvuC0Ks5xM-mpiLE0k1ykA0G3yWKer3sRyk8MaVTTk138FLZjl1Uj3Zfke6NJ7h0z2Vcm9JQLhB1rw4LMDbx-qKEkM_vOwvflcUnw/s200/New+Picture+%25283%2529.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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This looks very positive for the R1b group. Twenty-one of the surnames are tightly related enough that their common ancestor lived 1,080 years ago (933 AD), coincidentally the birth year of Richard I. All common ancestor calculations come with a margin of error. I’d say this estimate is plus or minus a generation. Clifford, Devereaux and St. Clair, with their genealogical connection remain in this group as well as Beaumont, Giffard, Montgomery, Mortimer, Osbern and Warren.<br />
<br />
The odd thing about this second group of names is that they all, genealogically, connect back to Gunnora, wife/concubine of Richard I. Beaumont and Giffard are descendants of Duvelina, a sister of Gunnora. Osbern is a descendant of Herfast, a brother of Gunnora. None of this common y-DNA came from Gunnora or her sister; being female, they don’t have y-DNA to pass down. We have to look for a common male donor. My theory is that the practice of droit du seigneur – ‘right of the lord’ or primae noctis – ‘right of the first night’ was being used by Richard to increase his genetic success.<br />
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Do you have a connection to William the Conqueror? There is an estimate that 25% of the population of England is related to Bill the Conq. From a y-DNA perspective, this percentage would be lower. If you have one of these surnames; Bartelott, Beaumont, Bruce, Clifford, Corbett, D’Arcy, Devereaux, Giffard, Molyneaux, Montgomery, Mortimer, Norton, Osbern, Pearsall, Ramsey, Spencer, St. Clair, Stewart, Talbott, Umfreville (Humphrey) or Warren and match the 37-marker William the Conqueror Modal Haplotype (WCMH), you may be related.<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS459b<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS455<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS454<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS447<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS437<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS448<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" valign="bottom" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS449<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS464a<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.22%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS464b<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.04%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS464c<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="bottom" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS464d<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">17<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">9<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.22%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">10<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">11<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">11<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">25<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">15<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">19<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 7.3%;" width="7%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">29<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">15<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.22%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">15<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.04%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">17<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" width="8%"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">17<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: auto auto auto 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 555px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; height: 15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS460<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">Y-GATA-H4<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">YCAIIa<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">YCAIIb<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS456<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS607<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span></td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in;" valign="bottom" width="48"><span style="color: #444444;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 7pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #444444;">DYS576<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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You might match the WCMH within a few steps and not have one of those surnames. The wealthy practiced polygyny. They had as many mistresses as they could afford. The illegitimate male offspring would have generated countless undocumented surnames and carry these same y-DNA markers.<br />
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I can’t say that this is exactly William the Conqueror’s y-DNA markers. These values are a mode, the numbers that appear most frequently in the related R1b sample of 152 records. The results that I have found are based on my analysis of about 3,800 y-DNA samples and form a good correlation. New data in the future may change the results. <br />
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The techniques that I have used are similar to the ones used to identify Carthaigh (McCarthy King of Desmond), Niall of the Nine Hostages and Genghis Khan. I predict that as the DNA databases grow, more discoveries like this will be found. My next projects are to determine Rollo’s origin (<a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2014/04/exploring-rollos-roots-dna-leads-way.html">see Exploring Rollo...</a>) and Charlemagne’s haplotype.<br />
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Reference:<br />
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Maglio, MR (2013) A Y-Chromosome Signature of Polygyny in Norman England (<br />
<a href="http://originhunters.com/content/MRMPolyg.pdf">Link</a>)<br />
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©Michael R. Maglio and OriginsDNAMichael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com88tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-56361316894706732052013-03-25T13:59:00.003-04:002013-03-25T14:12:32.154-04:00The DNA of Thomas Jefferson: [Insert Shocking Title Here]<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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I’ve been creative with the titles of my articles in the past. It is the first thing people see and it better be eye catching. It’s been said that I'm ‘intentionally provocative’. I enjoy writing about topics that make people think. I draw the line at faulty logic. Many times, I'll draw conclusions from circumstantial evidence, but I always strive for a logical argument. <br /><br /> Thomas Jefferson was part of the rare y-DNA haplogroup T (formerly K2) and much has been written about his genetics. Not everything written has been logical in its assumptions. Sometimes the story lines misinterpret the underlying science.<div>
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<br />“Was Thomas Jefferson the first Jewish President?”<br /><br /><div style="text-align: right;">
“Thomas Jefferson was Phoenician.”</div>
<br />“If Jefferson was Phoenician, then Charlemagne was also.”<br /><br /><div style="text-align: right;">
“Thomas Jefferson could have recent origins in the Middle East.”</div>
<br />“Thomas Jefferson’s DNA traced back to Egypt.”<br /><br /> In these situations the writers took a single data point and ran with it out of context.<br /><br /><div>
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When we look at Jefferson’s DNA and compare it to available records, we only get a handful of matches that don’t tell a complete story. Let’s look at the first headline – <b>was Jefferson Jewish?</b> He didn’t practice Judaism and he wasn’t raised Jewish. He does have one genetic cousin who is a Moroccan Jew, but you have to go back about 2,000 years to find a common ancestor. While haplogroup T does have origins in the Middle-East, I wouldn’t say that it is definitely a Jewish haplogroup. If Jefferson were J1b2, there would be a stronger case tying him to the kohanim Jewish paternal lines. Jefferson also has a Belgian genetic cousin. Perhaps the headline should have been – Was Thomas Jefferson the first Belgian President? Not that exciting. Probably wouldn’t have sold very well.<br />
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<b>Thomas Jefferson was a Phoenician!</b> There are many articles attributing this statement to Spencer Wells as part of his In Search of Adam program in 2005. I can’t find one quote that actual has Wells saying this. In fact in 2008 Wells argued that the Phoenicians were haplogroup J2. Jefferson’s haplogroup T is found in the same places and at the same times as the Phoenician Mediterranean colonies. This may indicate that Jefferson’s ancestors travelled with the Phoenicians as a peer or as a slave. I don’t think that ethnicity by association works.<br />
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<b> If Jefferson was a Phoenician, then so was Charlemagne.</b> This is just plain and simple poor logic and a misunderstanding of genetics. As I mentioned, it doesn’t appear that haplogroup T is Phoenician. While Jefferson may be a descendant of Charlemagne, he is not a direct male descendant. You really need to be a direct male descendant to prove that an ancestor has the same y-DNA. One sample would never be enough to prove Charlemagne’s DNA. Multiple descendant samples and very strong genealogies are required to come close to determining an ancestor’s DNA. You never know where a non-paternal event may pop up. <br />
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<b>Could Jefferson have recent origins in the Middle East?</b> This writer never actually defines recent. We are left to wonder if the Jeffersons lied on their Naturalization applications. Based on ‘time to most recent common ancestor’ calculations, I’d put Jefferson’s ancestors in the Middle East about 3,000 years ago. I guess that’s fairly recent compared to the age of the universe.<br />
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<b> Jefferson’s DNA traced to Egypt!</b> One record match does not make an origin. That one Egyptian genetic cousin actually clusters better with other Moroccan records. This could indicate a back migration from Morocco to Egypt for that one person. A rule of thumb when determining origins is to find clusters of records. Jefferson does have a cluster on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. This provides a strong argument that Jefferson’s ancestors came through that region and perhaps loitered there for a while. That doesn’t make it his origin.<br />
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How should we define Jefferson’s origins? It is important to define origins with context. Where in Britain did the Jeffersons come from? One biographer puts Jefferson’s family origins in Wales. Jefferson’s closest British genetic cousin comes from Yorkshire and the Jefferson surname has the highest distribution in Yorkshire. We are still talking about a single point of reference, so I won’t fall into the same trap and pronounce Thomas Jefferson a Yorkie. I can say that it appears that the Jeffersons were British and that the family had been in Britain for at least a 1,000 years. There’s just not enough data to be more certain.<br />
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Jefferson’s tribal DNA does leave a sparse trail of breadcrumbs across Europe in the 1,500 to 2,000 years ago range. There are genetic matches that become increasingly more distant in Belgium, France and Spain. We could connect-the-dots and we probably wouldn’t be far off the migration path. For Jefferson’s European origins, we might say his ancestors were Iberian. If we go back another 500 years, the picture changes to a culture that traveled the Mediterranean. The genetic breadcrumbs are in Morocco, Sicily, Cyprus, Egypt and Turkey. We could talk about Jefferson’s haplogroup T origins. A cluster of data suggests a southern Arabian Peninsula origin about 8,000 years ago.<br />
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If we continue backward in time, Jefferson’s ancestors came from East Africa just like everyone else on the planet. Which ‘origin’ you choose for Jefferson is completely up to your specific agenda. I use genetic genealogy to get a better understanding of the world that we live in and the things we have in common as one species. We may learn through DNA that our ancestors sacked Rome or pillaged the coast of England. That’s history, that’s fascinating, but that’s not who we are today. Unless you personally choose to embrace that history. Jefferson’s distant ancestors may have been Jewish, Phoenician or Egyptian, but that’s not who he was.<br />
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We shouldn’t persecute for the sins of our ancestors or sit on the laurels of their accomplishments. We need to keep moving forward in a positive direction.<br />
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-83850348439923064232013-03-22T09:21:00.001-04:002013-03-22T09:21:08.669-04:00Imagine: A New Kind of Family History At RootsTech there is a theme running through the entire conference, capturing the stories of our ancestors. If we don’t document their lives, how will anyone ever know that they existed? We can create digital videos, record audio conversations and write down anecdotes about our living relatives. We can collect facts and stories about our deceased family. How do we take this one step further and make their lives interactive?<br /><br /> Imagine if you were able to sit down at your computer, click an icon on the desktop and have what appeared to be a video chat with a family member who is no longer with us. Would it be creepy? My wife thinks it would be. Would it be possible? I think so. It could also be possible today.<br /><br /> What I’m suggesting would give you the ability to have a conversation with an ancestor. Here’s what someone would need to make it work –<ul>
<li>a photo of the person (more is always better) </li>
<li>or a video (this will allow for more natural facial expressions)</li>
<li>audio recordings </li>
<li>facts, anecdotes, stories, histories</li>
<li>an avatar builder</li>
<li>chat bot software</li>
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Let’s start with the chat bot software. There are some very sophisticated software programs that allow you to have a conversation with a computer and never realize that you are talking to a computer. They are programmed so well as to seem intelligent. The good ones learn from you the more you talk to them. There are off the shelf chat bots that you can program with thousands of phrases. Let’s say that our chat bot has access to every story about your ancestor and data about the time period and location that they lived.</div>
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Next, get an avatar builder. An avatar is basically a 3D head and shoulders that we can map either the photos or the video images to. This will give us the most lifelike representation. Just add audio and we have the voice. The video of me below was created in an avatar builder. The head turns, the eyes blink and the mouth moves as it speaks, all from one uploaded photo.</div>
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Now click that icon on your desktop. The application uses the computer camera to recognize you and when great-grandpa comes on the screen the first thing he says is, “Hi Mike, how’ve you been?” It would be his face and his voice and it would be indistinguishable from a live video chat. You could ask when he was born or for him to tell you about growing up in Boston in the 1920s. </div>
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This wouldn’t just be parroting back stored facts. It could be designed to look at all the facts and be able to answer new questions. It could be as simple as a familiar face to be a sounding board. As you converse, the image would nod its head and tell you that you are doing a good job and that they are proud. The software could learn from every new conversation and incorporate the data into its persona.</div>
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We’ve been asked, “what should you leave for your grandchildren?” My first instinct would be to leave a video of me telling the stories of my life. What if I could leave a more interactive version of myself? What may appear creepy today may seem perfectly normal in the future.</div>
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Would you create a digital version of yourself to leave as your legacy? I would.</div>
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<br />Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-10986728508527655262013-03-21T08:33:00.001-04:002013-03-21T08:33:54.330-04:00RootsTech: More 'Roots' Than 'Tech'?<br />
There is no doubt that RootsTech will be an amazing conference. There are over one hundred sessions and exhibitors. This will be my first RootsTech and my initial assumption was that there would be an abundance of Tech. Looking at the syllabus, I’m not sure that will be the case.<br /><br /> I have to admit that I have some biases. I’m a techhead. When I think of technology, I think of science fiction. What does the future have in store for genealogy? If you say that all the records are now digital, I might yawn and ask – what took so long. While being digital is an aspect of technology, it is old news.<div>
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Read more at the <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?p=6294">In-Depth Genealogist</a>...</div>
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-45378026589263405232013-02-25T01:19:00.000-05:002013-02-25T01:19:36.855-05:00WDYTYA? Live: Something For Everyone<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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This was my first WDYTYA? conference and to be honest it was my first genealogical conference of this size. With over 120 exhibitors and over 150 workshop sessions, there was literally something for everyone. I was only there for Sunday of the three-day event and that was probably a good thing. I was told that it was standing room only and extremely busy on Friday and Saturday. </div>
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<br /> I didn’t go to London specifically for this event. I’m here on business and lucky enough to grab a ticket. My first impression was that there really wasn’t anything here for me. I had to remind myself that this event was geared for the first time and beginner genealogist. The Ancestry.co.uk mega-booth did very well, offering free access to their service on a few dozen computers. FamilySearch also brought in a dozen computers for folks to try their search. These kiosks were just as busy, which confused me considering that FamilySearch is always free.</div>
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<br /> This should come as no surprise, but there were many folks there selling genealogical records. There were the big companies selling their subscription services and small societies selling their parish records. I’m already overpaying for the services I have, I can’t afford to drop $50 dollars for an unknown set of records on a CD with the hope of finding the one record I’m looking for. It’s difficult to make wise buying decisions at these events. I did come away unscathed.</div>
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<br /> There were more genealogical magazines than I thought existed offered at various booths. I really should get out more often. There were lots of books and charts and organizational tools. Universities were there offering online genealogical courses and degrees. There were booths with stuff that was completely unrelated to genealogy. <br />I wanted to walk in and learn something new and wow. I didn’t get that. I imagine that for those new genealogists they got exactly that and more. It would be like a kid in a genealogical candy store.</div>
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<br /> Since Sunday was quieter than the previous days, I was able to see all the booths two or three times. I took the opportunity to see what was out there, what was working and what wasn’t from a vendor perspective. I was surprised that no one was at the Mocavo kiosks and not surprised that the Family Tree DNA booth was hopping. Any booth that gave a person a chance to ask a question and walk away with some free knowledge was busy. Any booth that was just a service (not to pick on these folks) like art or videos or tourism were not as busy.</div>
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<br /> I might attend again in the future, not as a visitor but as a vendor. I saw a niche or two that was not represented. If you are into genealogy in the UK, this was the place to be. I imaging that the SoCal Jamboree will be the place to be in the States in June. I’ll be at RootsTech all three days in March and I’ll let you know how that goes. </div>
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<br /> I’ve been a hermit genealogist most of my life and this social genealogy is new to me. What are the biggest events in the genealogy world? If you could only take one trip a year, which event would it be?</div>
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Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-65509894310260069002013-02-15T09:14:00.003-05:002013-02-15T09:14:29.563-05:00Get Your DNA to the Top of the Charts<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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Deep Into DNA*<br /><br />Show me your DNA family tree. You don’t have one? This year, set a new resolution to build your DNA tree. You have a great family tree with names, dates and locations. I will be using fan charts to describe a variety of family trees including traditional, nationality, genetic and ethnic.</div>
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DNA gives us the ability to view beyond our nationalities to our cultural origins. You may have English ancestry on paper, genetically you might really be Celtic, Norman, Norse or Saxon. All nations are culturally and genetically diverse. <br />
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...continued at <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?page_id=6086">The In-Depth Genealogist</a> with a free membership.<br />
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*The Deep Into DNA article series is published each month in the <strong>new</strong> <em>Going In-Depth</em><br />digital genealogy magazine presented by <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/">The In-Depth Genealogist</a>.<br />
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#gDNA <br />
<br />Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-84355603690529492942013-02-08T10:39:00.000-05:002013-02-08T11:28:44.032-05:0022 Reasons for DNA TestingIn celebration of reaching 22,222 views on my blog, I'm posting my top 22 reasons why you should have your DNA tested. Even though there are hundreds of reasons to test your genes, you may only need one.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJCW9KxyaHhzE2DDEq6alPXIWKa5pPNZXknFLtos53E1FfpLYyvTOmsr_Be4TsD8TrvUBFAlnCamR43YIMtlek72dHGNraltUNajTq7ZnQf02tGTcKSMaqrlSdS3E1RV2d-Ihn-9ZMLM/s1600/Resolutions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJCW9KxyaHhzE2DDEq6alPXIWKa5pPNZXknFLtos53E1FfpLYyvTOmsr_Be4TsD8TrvUBFAlnCamR43YIMtlek72dHGNraltUNajTq7ZnQf02tGTcKSMaqrlSdS3E1RV2d-Ihn-9ZMLM/s1600/Resolutions.jpg" /></a></div>
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<li>Validate your paternal & maternal line genealogies -<i> <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/11/your-mothers-mother.html">more</a></i></li>
<li>Identify your paternal & maternal line deep ancestries -<i> <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/09/your-fathers-father.html">more</a></i></li>
<li>Map your tribal migration - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/08/genealogy-gold-mccarthy-dna.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Adds data to your entire family tree - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/03/adding-y-dna-to-your-entire-tree.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Identify your ethnicity - <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?p=2768"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Contact genetic cousins</li>
<li>Helps with adoptee research</li>
<li>Helps with genealogy research on illegitimate ancestors - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/02/is-your-family-tree-is-broken.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Identify health risk factors - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/12/testing-all-your-genes.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Validate your old world homeland - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/06/myles-standish-mayflower-dna.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Connect with historical events - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/11/stephen-hopkins-saxon-dna.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Jump over genealogical brick walls</li>
<li>There is a test type for nearly every research need - <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?page_id=1841"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Prove or disprove oral history - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/08/an-imperfect-world.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Prove or disprove genealogical theories</li>
<li>Find out if you are part Neandertal - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2013/02/are-you-special.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>An invaluable tool in your genealogy - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/08/genetic-genealogy-adding-dna-to-your.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Connect related family lines</li>
<li>Eliminate incorrect research paths</li>
<li>Calculate how any two people are related - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/03/tmrca-dna-and-4th-dimension.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Get a better understanding of who you really are - <a href="http://originhunters.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-library-of-you.html"><i>more</i></a></li>
<li>Get a better understanding of what it means to be human - <i><a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/">more</a></i></li>
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DNA tests can unlock valuable information about your past, present and future.</div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-42359584804320790502013-02-07T10:47:00.001-05:002013-02-07T10:47:36.954-05:00Stop the DNA Insanity! If you Google ‘DNA’ and ‘privacy’ you will get over 200 million articles describing the potential dangers. Imagine if your DNA information got into the wrong hands. Why isn’t someone doing something about this problem?<br />
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<br /><br /> A recent study claims that public DNA records can be analyzed to determine the surname of the donor and the algorithm is correct 12% of the time. This is outrageous! To think that an adoptee might actually be able to use DNA to find their birth parents. Unthinkable!<br /> <br /> Before you get a DNA test and add the results to a public database, remember, that your DNA is not yours alone. Your genetic information is a shared attribute across your entire family. You would be unintentionally sharing data about your children’s and your descendant’s DNA. Your genetic ancestry is also the ancestry of your parents and your cousins. You could be putting your entire tribe at risk.<br /> <br /> Presidential candidate Mitt Romney’s cousin’s DNA is publicly available. I’m fairly certain that his genetic information was used against him and caused his bid to fail. This is serious.<br /> <br /> Sharing DNA data should be stopped. It’s not yours to share.<br /> <br /> There is too much data out there that puts our privacy at risk. Many States allow public access to vital records. Anyone can walk in and look at my birth record. They will figure out how old I am and where I was born. I’ll have to stop using that information as a challenge question on my bank website. My birth record will allow someone to calculate when my parents were intimate. I shudder with disbelief. A marriage record might tell you how many times the woman has been married - the harlot. A death certificate will tell you where they are buried. There’s no privacy even in death.<br /> <br /> If your family tree is public, then anyone and their brother could study it and then call you claiming to be a long lost cousin. They will be able to talk about great-aunt Edna and recently departed cousin Roy. Next thing you know you are loaning them money. Genealogy should be outlawed. History should stay history. I’m not sure it is worth the inherent risks.<br /> <br /> It doesn’t end there. There are other sources of your information. There are digital phone books and land records. If someone sees my driver’s license, they will know where I live. I’m not safe in my own home. It may be time to go off grid. Perhaps the Luddites had it right.<br />
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Life is risky.<br /> <br /> Getting out of bed every morning is risky. You could stub your toe. We do it anyway because it is worth living. What we do in our lives and the legacy that we leave behind will define who we were. We don’t have time to worry ‘excessively’ about privacy. The bottom line is that if someone wants your information, there will always be a way to get it. Restrictions on public data of any kind would end genealogy research. Today, if I wanted some of your DNA, there is probably a dozen ways for collection - a drinking glass, envelope, cigarette butt or dirty tissue. Tomorrow, with advances in technology a person could walk up to you on the street, shake your hand and process your DNA in their pocket.<br /> <br /> With every new technology advance like DNA testing, there will be those folks that identify the potential risks. Depending on the severity of the risk, there will be other groups of folks who either fix the technology problem or create laws to mitigate the risks. The rest of us need to be actively vocal to make sure that we get the maximum amount of benefit for the minimum danger.<br /> <br /> The fastest way to stop a trend, good or bad, is to announce to the world that the trend exists. Corrective forces kick in and the ship gets righted. In the 70s, Alvin Toffler predicted that we would be overwhelmed by technological change. Forty years later and I’m still a bit underwhelmed.<br /> <br /> As genealogists, the best way to collaborate is to share. I want to find other researchers and I want to be found. None of that will happen if my DNA or family tree is in a box under the bed. DNA can help break down walls where paper records don’t exist. Our genes will unlock doors to our origins. <br /> <br /> Your DNA is your DNA. Unless you are an identical twin, your genes are unique. There are pieces of your DNA that are shared across families, which is why genetic genealogy works. As a whole, your DNA belongs to you and you have the right to use it as you see fit.<br /> <br /> Information wants to be free. Stop worrying and start living. Get tested.Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-16768951804170417032013-02-02T23:09:00.000-05:002013-02-02T23:09:54.952-05:00Are You Special?Deep Into DNA*<br />
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We are all special in our own quirky ways. How much does your DNA play a part in who you are? Perhaps you’re not who you think you are. If you’ve received DNA results from one of the major tests, y-DNA, mitochondrial DNA or autosomal DNA, you might already have a glimpse into what makes you special.<br />
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Beyond the big tests that give you distant paternal or maternal ancestry or a pie chart of your ethnic mix, there are many specific tests. What percent Neanderthal are you? There’s a test for that. The jury is still out on whether your Neanderthal genes are from a direct descendant or just shared from a common ancestor. When we start talking about what percent chimpanzee you are (yes, there’s a test for that) we are definitely talking about a common ancestor going back seven million years. Just to be clear, we are not descended from chimpanzees or any other living ape, but as cousins, we do share DNA.<br />
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...continued at <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?page_id=4580">The In-Depth Genealogist</a> with a free membership.<br />
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*The Deep Into DNA article series is published each month in The In-Depth Genealogist Newsletter and will demystify genetic genealogy and make sense out of DNA testing terminology. Each month we will talk about the types of tests available from major labs and show relevant examples on how to use DNA in your genealogy research.<br />
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#gDNA </div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-60669842477596986472012-12-22T19:53:00.001-05:002012-12-22T19:53:46.450-05:00Testing All Your GenesDeep Into DNA*<br /><br /> We all have 46 chromosomes, 23 from mom and 23 from dad. Two of those chromosomes are the sexy kind, X and Y. We’ll ignore those for now. The other 44 chromosomes are your autosomes. Autosomal testing has become available only within the last few years and has become a very popular choice. It offers the broadest range of results, including cousin matches, ethnic proportions and health indicators.<div>
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<br /><br />...continued at <a href="http://www.theindepthgenealogist.com/?page_id=4221">The In-Depth Genealogist</a> with a free membership.<br /><br /><br />*The Deep Into DNA article series is published each month in The In-Depth Genealogist Newsletter and will demystify genetic genealogy and make sense out of DNA testing terminology. Each month we will talk about the types of tests available from major labs and show relevant examples on how to use DNA in your genealogy research.<br /><br />#gDNA</div>
Michael R. Magliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05944718334788556140noreply@blogger.com1